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Ensemble equivalence

Ensemble equivalence. The problem of equivalence between canonical and microcanonical ensemble : canonical ensemble contains systems of all energies . How come this leads to the same thermodynamics the microcanonical ensemble generates with fixed E ? . Heuristic consideration.

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Ensemble equivalence

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  1. Ensemble equivalence The problem of equivalence between canonical and microcanonical ensemble: canonical ensemble contains systems of all energies. How come this leads to the same thermodynamics the microcanonical ensemble generates with fixed E ? Heuristic consideration = Probability of finding a system (copy) in the canonical ensemble with energy in [E,E+dE] example for monatomic ideal gas example here with N=20, kBT=1 example here with N=20, kBT=1 In the thermodynamic limit N overwhelming majority of systems in the canonical ensemble has energy U= <E>

  2. Next we show: and is a general, model independent result Brief excursion into the theory of fluctuations Measure of: average deviation of the random variable X from its average values <X> From the definition of <f(x)> as: We obtain:

  3. Energy fluctuations Goal: find a general expression for We start from: of the canonical ensemble

  4. U and CV are extensive quantities and and As N almost all systems in the canonical ensemble have the energy E=<E>=U Having that said there are exceptions and ensemble equivalence can be violated as a result

  5. An eye-opening numerical example Let’s consider a monatomic ideal gas for simplicity in the classical limit We ask: What is the uncertainty of the internal energy U, or how much does U fluctuate? For a system in equilibrium in contact with a heat reservoir U fluctuates around <E> according to With the general result and For the monatomic ideal gas with For a macroscopic system with Energy fluctuations are completely insignificant

  6. Equivalence of the grand canonical ensemble with fixed particle ensembles We follow the same logical path by showing: particle number fluctuations in equilibrium become insignificant in the thermodynamic limit remember fugacity We start from: With we see

  7. Remember: With With

  8. With and again Using the definition of the isothermal compressibility Particle fluctuations are completely insignificant in the thermodynamic limit

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