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Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development

Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development. Brought to you by Team Awesome (Amanda, Caitlin, Jessica, Ana, & Alicia). static.guim.co.uk. Research Topic.

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Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development

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  1. Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development Brought to you by Team Awesome (Amanda, Caitlin, Jessica, Ana, & Alicia) static.guim.co.uk

  2. Research Topic Historically, development and conservation programs that governments and non-governmental organizations have targeted at pastoral groups have undermined the cultural heritage of these societies. However, approaches that take into consideration cultural context, effective transnational policy agreements, and cultural awareness have more positive outcomes for pastoral livelihoods.

  3. Definitions Sustainable Development - “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - Brundtland Commission Cultural Heritage Conservation - “Protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage… and recognizing the value of humanity” - UNESCO

  4. History of Sustainable Development 1987 -The World Commission on Environment and Development 1988 – International Institute for Environment and Development 1990 –United Nations Development Programme publishes the first Human Development Report 1992 -UN holds Conference on Environment and Development 1993 -Oxfam employs the Sustainable Livelihood approach 1994 -Care adopts household livelihoods security as a framework for relief and development 1995 -UN World Summit for Social Development; UNDP adopts Employment and Sustainable Livelihoods as one of top five priorities 1996 -DFID invites Sustainable Livelihoods projects 1997 -New Labour publishes White Paper on International

  5. Organizations To name a few, in no particular order…. USAID - United States Agency for International Development UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization WISP - World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism EDLC - Environmental Defender Law Center DFID - Department for International Development Will be discussed in further detail

  6. Development Practice

  7. Livelihood Framework

  8. What About the Pastoralists? • People primarily dependant on their livestock • In some cases, pastoralists inhabit parts of the world where crop cultivation is limited due to environmental factors • Pastoralism is a sustainable method of utilizing the ecosystems that they inhabit • Most are semi-nomadic or nomadic

  9. Threats to Pastoralists • Borders interfere with migration habits • Competition with agriculture for grazing land • No property = no voice • Loss of grazing land to wildlife parks • Privatization of former grazing land

  10. The Challenge • In general, aid given is best fitted for sedentary lifestyles • Agriculture and technology • Construction of school houses • Ecotourism • Wells and food-aid

  11. Case Studies The Sami The Maasi

  12. Key Definitions • Path Dependency Theory • Tragedy of the Commons

  13. MAASAI Meishoo iyiook enkai inkishu o-nkera www.campiyakanzi.com "May Creator give us cattle and children”

  14. Distribution 350,000 200,000 http://www.maasai-association.org

  15. The Maasai are pastoral people, livestock is the bases of their economic livelihood, the focus of social relations, and a critical element of self-definition • The Maasai are very vulnerable group of people. • Throughout history, under difficult circumstances such as drought of disease, some Maasai periodically fell out of the pastoral enterprise. • Land is also critical for sustaining the Maasai livestock enterprise. Maasai telegraph.co.uk

  16. History • 1904/1911 represent he first wave of land alienation from the Maasai • 60% of the land was taken away • Privatization of communal lands • National Game Reserves impeding on Maasai’s Land.

  17. Theories Applied • Path Dependence • Garret Hardin “Tragedy of the Commons” • Vulnerability http://cdn.picapp.com

  18. Why Projects Have Failed • Aid • The Lancaster conference • Maasai Livestock and Range Management Project • NGO’s • The Maasai do not want to adopt a sedentary lifestyle. • Protection of endangered animals

  19. Sami Norway- 40,000 Sami = 1% of the population Sweden- 15,000 Sami =0.2% of the population Finland - 4,000 Sami = 0.08% of the population www.alsap.org/Sami/Sami.htm

  20. Lapland

  21. Reindeer A crucial aspect of the Sami’s cultural livelihood is the ability to herd reindeer, which leads to conflict with government involving land rights Reindeer provide food, transportation, and materials crucial to life in Lapland. Herding is strongly tied to a cultural lifestyle not only for substance but also to Sami cultural identity. britannica.com

  22. History • Greek and Roman Texts • Co-existence with Viking culture • Land, God, and the Crown • Government borders • Assimilation and Separatism www.treehugger.com

  23. Theories Applied • Sustainable Livelihoods Approach • Path Dependency Theory • Tragedy of the Commons umanitoba.ca

  24. Government "Tell them we don't just wander," a quote from a Sami herder to ethnographer Robert Paine www.baiki.org/content/about.htm

  25. Government • Norway • General Opinions • Classifications for Land Ownership • Bias Government decision based on government interest • NGO’s • Sweden • “Immemorial Custom” and the Courts • Bias Government decision based on government interest • UN Criticism 2008

  26. GovernmentCurrent Restrictive Rights on Sami Heritage and Livelihood • Finland • Recognized at indigenous and right to culture Sami do not have exclusive rights to resources • Bilateral • “Sami crossing international borders will not be met with friendliness, protection, or aid.” (The Sami Flag)

  27. Challenges • Aid • Subsidized into State Budget • Decisions • Allocation • Debates over the ownership of land • Lack of legal protection in regards to use of the land • Lack of acknowledgement for rights already granted • Misconceptions about pastoral culture • Tensions between Sami and Local Population Unique - living in the 1st world, commonly overlooked due to presumption of wealth

  28. Acknowledging and upholding the land rights Education about pastoral livelihoods Equal Cooperation between Sami and governments Increase Pastoralist Production Legal Rights and Protection Access to Land Revise Concepts of Environmental Protection What Needs to be Done? Saamiblog.blogspot

  29. Increased Awareness Recognition that pastoral communities present additional challenges and constraints New studies initiated specifically with nomadic lifestyles in mind Government Recognition

  30. Intangible heritage

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