AP US History PowerPoint

1. AP US History PowerPoint African Americans in American from 1824 - 1900 By Matt Olan

2. Chapter 10-12 Information Chapter 10 • Due to the westward expansion political views were being changed among America. • Voting rights in the west were very drastic and now allowed and white man over 21 vote. This was a big step compared to wealthy white men who were Christian. • Politics in the south were also changing and they’re views as well. • Democratic Republicans in the south were beginning to go against what the Federalists that owned slaves believed in. • Some places had already abolished slavery and the north was on a slow road to emancipating it. • Other societies around the US had already learned to live among blacks and even women as equals. • Although in the north slaves were being freed the right to vote remained barred to most of the nation’s 500,000 free African Americans. • Only in five New England states (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island) could free African American men vote before 1865. • In the rest of the northern states it was very rare to find free African Americans being allowed to vote. • In the south there was no state what so ever that allowed African Americans to vote and this same trend was occurring in the west as well. • in 1802 The Ohio constitution denied African Americans the rights to vote, to hold public office, and to testify against white men in court cases. • Later restrictions barred black men from serving in the state militia and on juries. • The constitutions of other western states Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, and later, Oregon attempted to solve the “problem” of free African Americans by simply denying them entry into the state at all. • Although blacks at the time were not allowed to vote they were climbing the social ladder of the United States, and many northern states were slowly emancipating the ideas of slavery • But due to Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin in 1793, which revolutionized the cotton industry, slavery was even more prominent in the south than ever. • Also with the means of new transportation to head out west it opened new opportunities to the blacks. • The invention of railroads and railways, and steamboat gave free blacks jobs that white men did not want to do. Chapter 11 • Slaves in America had been around to do the cultivation of tobacco, rice, and indigo, on which slave owners fortunes were made. • Briefly in the early days of American independence, the slave system waned, only to be revived by the immense profitability of cotton in a newly industrializing world. • Cottons growth was ideal in the south the only drawback to growing cotton is that it would take a single day to pick the seeds out of a pound of cotton.

3. Chapter 10-12 Info Continued Chapter 11 Continued • With the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 it made it possible to clean more than fifty pounds of cotton a day. • As the demand for cotton production in the southern states grew so did the demand for slaves to tend to the crop. • The only issue with this was that in 1807 Britain had outlawed the international slave trade and America a year later in 1808 followed. • Between 1776 and 1786 all the states except south Carolina and Georgia either banned or heavily taxed the international slave trade, and it was only at the insistence of these two states that the Constitutional convention prohibit Congress from passing a federal law to outlaw the slave trade for twenty years. • All the southern states banned the importation of foreign slaves after the successful slave revolt in Haiti in 1791. • Attitudes changed again following the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 and the realization of the riches to be made from cotton. • Slave smuggling became so rampant that South Carolina officially reopened the trade in 1804. • Cotton boom caused a huge increase in the domestic slave trade. • Plantation owners in the upper south sold their slave to meet the demand for labor in the new and expanding cotton growing regions of the old Southwest. • Cotton became such an important product because of the inventions in England and their industrial revolution. • On the other hand northerners who were caught up in rapid industrialization and urbanization, failed to recognize their economic connection to the South and increasingly regarded it as a backward region. • Slave population in the south in 1790 was estimated around 4 million • When the international slave trade ended in 1808 the growth of slavery occurred because of natural increase. • In 1850, 55% of all slaves were engaged in cotton growing. Another 20% labored to produce other crops: tobacco (10), rice, sugar, and hemp. • Slavery by the 1820’s had become distinctively southern. • Surviving slavery at this time was huge. • Mortality rate for slave children under five was twice that of their white counterpart. • The reason was clear pregnant black woman were inadequately nourished, worked too hard, or were too frequently pregnant, giving birth to eight children at year and one half intervals. • Slavery was a lifelong labor system. • Some slaves were slaves in the house or in the field. • Slaves that worked in the house were usually the ones to first flee during the civil war and hated it although being treated better because of the almost 24/7 surveillance and presence of white people. • Small numbers of slaves were skilled workers. • No southern state recognized slave marriages in law • Most owners, though, not only recognized but encouraged them, sometimes even performing a kind of wedding ceremony for the couple. • Family meant continuity • Religions were brought by Africans from Africa but were forbidden to be practiced to prevent the possibilities of rebellion. • In the 1760s the great awakening introduced many slaves to Christianity, often in mixed congregation with white people. • After the second great awakening the number of African American converts grew rapidly. • Free African Americans founded their own independent churches and denominations. • Slave most of the time new that there was no freedom and running away. • Ultimate resistance that could be shown other than running away was by revolting. • By 1860 nearly 250,000 free black people lived in the south. • The largest groups of slave owners were small yeomen farmers. • Freedom of slaves after the revolution became more common. Chapter 12 • Due to the overlapping of the times in chapter 12 it can be said that the same types of occurrences for African Americans happened in chapter 11 and 10. African Americans within this time periods would have been exposed to the creation of the cotton gin and the cause for a crazed necessity for slaves. Also slaves at this time would have been exposed to both Great Awakenings and would cause many African Americans to convert and express their feelings of freedom through the beliefs of Christianity.

4. Chapter 10-12 Info Continued Chapter 11 Continued • The reason was clear pregnant black woman were inadequately nourished, worked too hard, or were too frequently pregnant, giving birth to eight children at year and one half intervals. • Slavery was a lifelong labor system. • Some slaves were slaves in the house or in the field. • Slaves that worked in the house were usually the ones to first flee during the civil war and hated it although being treated better because of the almost 24/7 surveillance and presence of white people. • Small numbers of slaves were skilled workers. • No southern state recognized slave marriages in law • Most owners, though, not only recognized but encouraged them, sometimes even performing a kind of wedding ceremony for the couple. • Family meant continuity • Religions were brought by Africans from Africa but were forbidden to be practiced to prevent the possibilities of rebellion. • In the 1760s the great awakening introduced many slaves to Christianity, often in mixed congregation with white people. • After the second great awakening the number of African American converts grew rapidly. • Free African Americans founded their own independent churches and denominations. • Slave most of the time new that there was no freedom and running away. • Ultimate resistance that could be shown other than running away was by revolting. • By 1860 nearly 250,000 free black people lived in the south. • The largest groups of slave owners were small yeomen farmers. • Freedom of slaves after the revolution became more common. Chapter 12 • Due to the overlapping of the times in chapter 12 it can be said that the same types of occurrences for African Americans happened in chapter 11 and 10. African Americans within this time periods would have been exposed to the creation of the cotton gin and the cause for a crazed necessity for slaves. Also slaves at this time would have been exposed to both Great Awakenings and would cause many African Americans to convert and express their feelings of freedom through the beliefs of Christianity.

5. 5 Terms and their Definitions Chapter 10-12 • Emancipate – (1) to free from restraint, influence, or the like. (2) To free a slave from bondage. • Federalist and Federalist Party – a member or supporter of the Federalist Party. A political party in early U.S. history advocating a strong central government. • Cotton Gin – a machine for separating the fibers of cotton from the seeds. Invented by Eli Whitney • Mortality Rate (Death Rate) – the number of deaths per unit, usually 1000, of population in a given place and time. This death rate was much higher in a slave community compared to their white counterparts. • Industrialization and Urbanization – to introduce industry into an area on a large scale. To make or cause to become urban, as a locality.

6. Important People Chapters 10-12 • Harriet Tubman - was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War. After escaping from slavery, into which she was born, she made thirteen missions to rescue more than 70 slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground railroad. • Eli Whitney – Eli Whitney was not a slave or African American but was the reason why slavery became so prominent in the 19th century again because of his invention of the cotton gin. Because of this invention during the industrial revolution it caused a rebirth in the want for slavery in the south.

7. Chapter 10-12 Multiple Choice 1. What age did you have to be in the West to vote? • 21 • 18 • 16 • Anyone could vote at any age except African Americans. 2. What five states in New England could vote before 1865? C • Maine, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Rhode Island • Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Virginia, Massechusetts • Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island • None of the above 3. What did the Ohio constitution deny African Americans? • The right to live in the state of Ohio • The right to work as any type of trade skill job • The right to own slaves • The right to vote and hold public offices. 4. What year was the slave revolt in Haiti? • 1808 • 1791 • 1796 • 1800 5. What crop became more prominent in the south in the 19th century? • cotton • tobacco • indigo • rice

8. Chapter 10-12 Multiple Choice 6. Who created the cotton gin? • Herriot Tubman • Eli Whitney • Fanny Kemble • Thomas Jefferson 7. What was the cotton gin capable of that made it so impressive? • it could pick a whole field of cotton in two days • it helped the production of cotton and growth of cotton twice as fast • it could plant a field of cotton in 3 hours • it could deseed 50 pounds of cotton in one day while before it would take 1 day to deseed 1 pound 8. What percent of slaves engaged in cotton growing in 1850? • 55% • 70% • 40% • 25% 9. What was the mortality rate of five year olds for slave children? • same as their white counterparts • five times their white counterparts • twice their white counterparts • three times their white counterparts 10. By 1860 how many free African Americans lived in the south? • 100,000 • 250,000 • 550 • none slave had not been freed in the south yet.

9. 10-12 Multiple Choice Answers • A • C • D • B • A • B • D • A • C • B

10. Chapter 13-15 Information Chapter 13 • During the beginning of the 19 century growth in major cities was minor, but later on it became rapid growth due to the advances in technology. • Another thing that happened in the 19th century that increased as technology was the immigration to the United States. Even though these people immigrated over blacks were still used as slave in the south. • Slavery at this time had been abolished in the north and was still being practiced in the south and in some parts of the westward expansion. • During this time in the north many Irish immigrants came over and were classified as urban working-class. • Some of the Irish as urban working class amusement put on shows called blackface minstrel, which is where white actors would black their faces and sing and dance and do theatrical skits. They also did anti-Black political jokes. • Some cruel stereotypes that were performed by them were Zip Coon, an irresponsible free black man, and Jim Crow, a slow-witted slave. • Urban Life of Free African Americans • in 1860 there were nearly half a million free African Americans in the united states. This constituted for about 11 percent of the country’s total black population. • More than half of all free African Americans lived in the north, mostly in cities, where they competed with immigrants and native-born poor white people for jobs as day laborers and domestic servants. • At this time Philadelphia and New York had the largest black communities • Blacks in the north faced residential segregation, pervasive job discrimination, segregated public schools, and severe limitations on their civil rights. • Also African Americans of all economic classes endured daily affronts, such as exclusion from public concerts, lectures, and libraries and segregation or exclusion from public transportation. • African Americans created defenses against the larger hostile society by building their own community structures. • African Americans at this time in their communities also supported their own newspapers. • Employment prospects for black men deteriorated from 1820 to 1850. • Many skilled artisans were forced from their positions, and their sons denied apprenticeships. • loss of their artisan jobs they were forced to do day labor jobs were they had to fight against the Irish immigrants to gain jobs. • on the waterfront, black men lost their jobs as carters and longshoremen to the Irish immigrants. • One of the few occupations to remain open to African Americans was that of seaman.

11. Chapter 13-15 Information Continued Chapter 13 continued • More than 20 percent of all American sailors in 1850 were black, and over the years their ranks included an increasing number of runaway slaves. • Many blacks found more equality aboard the ships than they did ashore. • Free African Americans remained committed to their enslaved brethren in the South • In New York 4 times black communities rioted against slave catchers and them taking escaped slaves back to slavery in the south. • During this time African Americans were targets of many riots too and had some African Americans flee for their lives to Canada. • Antislavery and Abolitionism • Three major groups worked to bring an end to slavery free African Americans, Quakers, and militant white reformers. Each of these groups in different ways • Although the abolishment of slavery in the north and the passing of the law against the international slave trade were prior to this time slavery in the south was still very prominent. • First attempt to “solve” the problem of slavery was a plan for gradual emancipation, with compensation to their owners, and their resettlement in Africa. • This idea was a failure and critics said that more Africans were born in a week than the organization that planned this was able to send back in a year. • African Americans’ fight against slavery • Most free African Americans rejected colonization, insisting instead on a commitment to the immediate end of slavery and the equal treatment of black people in America. • Abolitionist societies in the north sprang up in the 1830’s • The first African American newspaper founded in 1827 announced its antislavery position in its title, Freedom’s Journal. • In 1829 David Walker, a free African American in Boston, wrote a widely distributed pamphlet, appeal to the colored citizens of the world, that encouraged slave rebellion. • The third group was the best known group of antislavery reformers and was headed by William Lloyd Garrison. • Garrison’s moral vehemence radicalized northern antislavery religious groups. • Abolitionists wrote books and speeches about slavery • Abolitionists tried many different ways to get their southern brethren to abolish slavery, but everything they did the south said that it was an attack • at one point the Georgia legislature offered a $5,000 reward to anyone who would kidnap William Lloyd Garrison and bring him to the south to stand trial for inciting rebellion. • The south began to crack down and enforced new laws such as ones were it was illegal to teach a slave how to read.

12. Chapter 13-15 Information Continued Chapter 13 continued • The abolitionists were even in politics and one of their biggest figure heads that was in politics was John Quincy Adams. • Adams won a case about the Amistad, which was a slave ship that was mutinied and ended up in American waters. The Spanish tried to claim that the slaves were theirs but Adams won the case allowing the freedom of the slaves in American on the Amistad. Chapter 14: 1830s-1850s • During this time period immigration in the north was becoming very prominent. • Many blacks were losing their jobs to Irish immigrants • Also during this time segregation in the north was widely known and many people were racist against blacks. • At this same time period though there were multiple groups such as free African Americans and Abolitionists who were trying to rid the country of slavery in the south and were attempting to do so through physical and political effects. • The expansion towards the west for the gold rush and new land though did not help these groups as well as planned. • Southerners who traveled west in search of gold and new land to provide for crops such as cotton brought along their slaves. • Slavery along with the white of the south had traveled west when the westward expansion formed. • Not many free African Americans were found towards the west because they were either not allowed or threatened by whites that lived there. • Sometimes even if you were a free white that lived in the west slave catchers that were hired by southern to find run-away slaves would take free African Americans that lived in the west, because you needed someone to vouch for you that you were a free African American and many people in the west did not care. • Also during the gold rush towards the west most of the mining camps were extremely racist against blacks and other races. So blacks were commonly not found in mining camps and mining for gold. • The Liberty Party founded in 1840 by abolitionists, threatened to take votes away from both Whig and the democratic parties. The foundation of this third political party threw off the other two parties votes drastically. • The Liberty Party took an uncompromising stance against slavery. • Out of the Liberty Party the Free-Soil Party was formed after the liberty party began to fail. • The Free-soil party proposed that they ban all African Americans from the new territories found in the west. Instead of this party being antislavery it was more anti-Black. • This doctrine was very popular at the time.

13. Chapter 13-15 Information Continued Chapter 15 • During this time period was the great American Renaissance. • American writers who were most successful wrote novels on the great issue of the day, slavery. • Uncle Tom’s Cabin being one of those novels was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and combined the literary style of the then-popular women’s domestic novels with vivid details of slavery culled from firsthand accounts by northern abolitionist and escaped slaves. • Uncle Tom’s Cabin told the story of the Christ-like slave Uncle Tom, who patiently endured the cruel treatment of an evil white overseer. • More than 300,000 copies were sold in the first year, and within ten years the book had sold more than 2 million copies, becoming the all-time American best-seller in proportion to population. • Disagreements about slavery had split the country’s great religious organizations into northern and southern groups. • Theodore Weld, the abolitionist leader, saw these splits as inevitable. • John C. Calhoun was a slave activist and argued that congress did not have a constitutional right to prohibit slavery in territories. He stated this because of the fact of abolitionists saying that southern couldn’t take their slaves westward to new territories. • During the compromise of 1850 in the senate they discussed which new states from the new territories would be Free states and which would be slave states. • In the end 15 slave states arose and 16 free states. This compromise was also to try and prevent original southern states from seceding from the Union. • The Fugitive Slave Law, enacted in 1850, dramatically increased the power of slave owners to capture escaped slaves. • The Fugitive Slave Law brought home the reality of slavery to residents of the Free states. • In effect, this law made slavery national and forced northern communities to confront what that meant. • Politics at the time over slavery was also becoming very heated. • During the political heated mood of the late 1850s, some improbable people became heroes. • John Brown the self appointed avenger who slaughtered unarmed proslavery men in Kansas in 1856 planed to cause a general slave uprising in the south. • Browns raid shocked the South because it aroused the greatest fear, that of slave rebellion. • This all lead up to the election of 1860 which was mainly based on slavery. • This election was also the cause of the south seceding from the Union.

14. 5 Terms and their Definitions Chapters 13-15 • Free State – was a state in which slavery was either prohibited or eliminated over time. • Slave State – was a U.S. state in which slavery of African Americans and Native Americans was legal • Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Reacting to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 published this novel, which was the single most powerful attack on slavery ever written. • The Free-Soil Party – a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. It was a third party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories • Fugitive Slave Law – The law stated that in future any federal marshal who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave could be fined $1,000. People suspected of being a runaway slave could be arrested without warrant and turned over to a claimant on nothing more than his sworn testimony of ownership

15. Important People Chapters 13-15 • Frederick Douglas – was one of the foremost leaders of the abolitionist movement, which fought to end slavery within the United States in the decades prior to the Civil War. A brilliant speaker, Douglass was asked by the American Anti-Slavery Society to engage in a tour of lectures, and so became recognized as one of America's first great black speakers. • Harriet Beecher Stowe- Was the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. It was first published in the anti-slavery newspaper The National Era, from June 1851 to April 1852, and later in book form. The story was to some extent based on true events and the life of Josiah Henson.

16. Chapter 13-15 Multiple Choice 1. What immigrants did African Americans fight with to get jobs? • Germans • Irish • English • French 2. What was a major job that African Americans took up after losing their artisan skilled jobs? • bankers • farmers • longshoremen • seamen 3. What was the name of amusement that the Irish working class performed? • Irish tap dancers • Barnum and Bailey circus acts • the blackface minstrels • The Jim Crows 4. In 1860 how many free African Americans were there in the US? • 1 million • half a million • one hundred thousand • fifty thousand 5. Free African Americans in the United States in 1860 constituted for what percent of African Americans in the US? • 11% • 50% • 34% • 17%

17. Chapter 13-15 Multiple Choice 6. The first African American newspaper founded in 1827 was titled what? • Amistad • Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Freedom Rings paper • Freedom’s Journal 7. Who was a major abolitionist figure head in politics? • John Adams • Andrew Jackson • John Quincy Adams • Thomas Jefferson 8. The Free-Soil party was founded how? • When members of the Whig party didn’t get their way • When member of the Democratic party didn’t get their way • When the Liberty-Party began to fail • It was founded on its own to compete with the Whigs, democratic party, and Liberty-Party 9. How many copies of Uncle Tom’s Cabin were sold in its first year? • 1 million • 3 hundred thousand • 2 million • 50 thousand 10. Who led a massive slave revolt in the south, which caused Southerners to fear for more revolts? • Theodore Weld • John C. Calhoun • Frederick Douglas • John Brown

18. 13-15 Multiple Choice Answers • B • D • C • B • A • D • C • C • B • D

19. Chapter 16-18 Information Chapter 16 • Overview: • The United States has been split in two over many differences in views on issues, one being slavery. • The Union begins to mobilize troops in order to keep peace and order and make sure that the Confederates/Rebels don’t form their own country. • The mobilization of the North stirs the south to create an army causing both sides to go to war against one another. • This war was originally thought that it would be short and the north would bring peace, but turned out to be long and killed the most Americans ever in a war because it was brother against brother. • The Civil War eventually became a representation as a fight for the freedom of slavery. • The Lincoln Presidency: • Lincoln prior to his presidency to gain votes promised to abolish slavery in the United States • This caused a problem when he was elected and caused many south states to secede from the Union which in turn caused the Civil War. • During the war Lincoln issues the emancipation proclamation which stated that all slaves in the opposing southern states that the union was at war with were free. • The Black Response: • Prior to the war runaway slaves could be returned to their owners through the Fugitive Slave Law. • This law changed in the early period of the war when at Fortress Monroe in Virginia commander, Benjamin Butler, told a man who claimed that he had missing slaves that the slaves that had come to the fortress were now “contraband of war” • The word spread that slaves that ran away to the fortress and other Union army locations were now “contraband” and many more slaves followed. • The Death of Slavery: • The Politics of Emancipation • This was a war for the Union not slavery stated Abraham Lincoln • Lincoln in march of 1862 first proposed that every state undertake gradual compensated emancipation, but afraid that the border states of the north and south that were proslavery would leave the union this plan failed.

20. Chapter 16-18 Information continued • During the war on January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation. • The proclamation freed the slaves in the areas of rebellion – the areas the Union did not control – but specifically exempted slaves in the Border States and in former Confederate areas conquered by the Union. • African Americans cheered when they heard about the Proclamation, but slavery wasn’t truly abolished until Congress banned slavery in the Thirteenth amendment in 1865 (after the war) • Black Fighting Men • Along with the emancipation proclamation came the ability for African Americans to serve their country in battle, and the first time of the recruitment of black soldiers. • All black regiments were 100% black except for their commanding officers who were well trained white officers. • Blacks from all around the nation as well as the world came to join the United States army during the war to help the fight against slavery. • African Americans made up 10% of the Union Army. • Nearly 200,000 African Americans served in the Union army or navy. • A fifth of them-37,000- died defending their own freedom and the Union • Military service was something no black man took lightly • Blacks faced prejudice of several kinds. In the North, most white people believed that black people were inferior both in intelligence and in courage. • Most army officers shared these opinions except those who had volunteered to lead black troops. • This made African Americans want to prove themselves in battle • Black soldiers at Fort Wagner and in battles near Vicksburg, Mississippi, in 1863 helped to change the minds of the Union army command. • On the other hand the Confederates were afraid of black troops and threatened to execute any caught African American troops. • African American soldiers were paid $10 a month rather than $13 like their white counterparts.

21. Chapter 16-18 Information continued Chapter 17 and 18 • Overview: • Post Civil War and the reconstruction of the United States. • Free slaves now must cope with the fact that they are free and whites must also cope with this new fact. • The Freedman’s Bureau was a organization that helped provide food, clothing, and fuel to destitute former slaves. It also helped poor whites. • Even after being freed blacks faced racism and were still miss treated • Black codes in the south showed that white southerners were unable to accept the full meaning of freedom for African Americans. • The Meaning of Freedom: • Thousands of African American couples who lived together under slavery streamed to military and civilian authorities and demanded to be legally married. • By 1870, the two parent household was the norm for a large majority of African Americans. • Also because of black men fighting in the war it brought upon the ability in the political world for African American men to serve on juries, vote, and hold office, while black women could not just like white women. • African American churches began to spring up everywhere and was one of the most last and important elements of the energetic institution building that went on in post emancipation years. • The church became the first social institution fully controlled by African Americans. • The rapid spread of schools reflected African Americans’ thirst for self-improvement • Black began to gain their own land too • The passage of the First Reconstruction Act in 1867 encouraged political activity among African Americans. • 735,000 blacks were registered to vote in the ten unreconstructed states. • Five of the ten states had black electoral majorities. • White Resistance and “Redemption” • From 1870 to 1872 the Ku Klux Klan fought an ongoing terrorist campaign against Reconstruction governments and local leaders. • The Klan was a powerful presence in nearly every southern state. • It drove African Americans off plantations to deprive them of their harvest share. • The KKK began to get violent and in October of 1870 in south Carolina drove 150 African Americans from their homes and murdered 13 black and white republican activists. • Many Civil rights movements were enacted to prevent the KKK from continuing their practices but didn’t work

22. 5 Terms and their Definitions Chapters 16-18 • Emancipation Proclamation-the proclamation issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863,freeing the slaves in those territories still in rebellion against the Union. • Civil War - a war between political factions or regions within the same country. • Black Codes – any code of law that defined and esp. limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War. • Ku Klux Klan – a secret organization in the southern U.S., active for several years after the Civil War, which aimed to suppress the newly acquired powers of blacks and to oppose carpetbagger’s from the North, and which was responsible for many lawless and violent proceedings. • Contraband - a black slave who escaped to or was brought within the Union lines.

23. Important people of Chapter 16-18 • Abraham Lincoln – was the 16th president of the United States and although he did not officially emancipate slavery he was the reason for Congress to pass the 13th Amendment post civil war. He also made African Americans eligible to enlist in the United States army or navy. • Robert Gould Shaw – was the colonel in command of the all-black 54th Regiment, which entered the American Civil War in 1863. He was killed in a failed attempt to capture Fort Wagner, near Charleston, South Carolina.

24. Chapters 16-18 Multiple Choice 1. What do many people believe the Civil War represents? • Slavery • the prevalence of the United States to stay United • the prevalence of the United States to defeat the British • Freedom of the United States from all European countries 2. What law allowed whites to regain runaway slaves prior to the war? • Runaway prevention law • Reconstruction act • Fugitive Slave Law • Return policy slave law 3. What Union commander changed the way this law was looked at? • Fredrick Douglass • Benjamin Butler • Abraham Lincoln • Horace Greeley 4. What percent of Africans Americans made up the Union army? • 30% • 5% • 15% • 10% 5. How many African Americans died defending their own freedom and the Union? • 28,000 • None they were not allowed to serve • 12,800 • 37,000

25. Chapters 16-18 Multiple Choice 6. What was the Freedman’s Bureau? • an organization that helped destitute former slaves • an organization that helped the confederates during the war • an organization that helped the Union during the war • an organization for wealthy white farmers of the South 7. What was the first social institution fully controlled by African Americans? • schools • libraries • churches • government buildings 8. How much were African American soldiers paid during the war? • $13 • $10 • $5 • $8 9. After the war how many black registered to vote in the ten unreconstructed states? • 655,000 • 445,000 • 307,000 • 735,000 10. What group fought an ongoing terrorist campaign against Reconstruction governments after the civil war? • The Society of Friends • The Democratic party • The Ku Klux Klan • The Republican party

26. Multiple Choice Answers • A • C • B • D • D • A • C • B • D • C

27. Work Cited • Harriet Tubman information – http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html • Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin – http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/cotton_gin.htm • 5 terms http://dictionary.reference.com/ • Information on Fredrick Douglas – http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html Information on Harriet Beecher Stowe - http://kirjasto.sci.fi/hbstowe.htm • Used for information on The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850- http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASfugitive.htm • Used for information on the Free-soil party. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASfreesoil.htm • Information on Robert Gould .http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/1800sarmybiographies/p/rgshaw.htm • Information on Abraham Lincoln – http://www.biography.com/articles/Abraham-Lincoln-9382540