COGNITION

1. Psychology Oswayo Valley High School COGNITION an exercise for and about the brain

2. Introduction Cognitive Psychology One Definition The study of higher mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, and thinking. Three Concepts Learning Thinking Remembering

3. Cognitive Processes Step #3 - Remembering The process of obtaining information that has been stored. It is the “output” stage It is the storage and retrieval of what has been learned. Think of it as the three concepts of cognition all wrapped into one: encoding, processing, and retrieving.

4. Remembering THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY Encoding • Storing. • Maintenance Rehearsal: a system of remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning to it • Elaborative Rehearsal: a system of remembering that involves making information meaningful or relating it to information already learned

5. Remembering THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY, cont’d • Organizational Systems: arranging, or “filing”, information for later use; an organized map of existing memory sequences for easy retrieval • Consolidation: process by which a memory solidifies over time, eventually becoming permanent • Central Processing: storing in memory and sorting by thought

6. Remembering THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY, cont’d • Retrieving. • Context-Dependent Memory: information is more easily retrieved in the context in which it was encoded or stored

7. Remembering THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY, cont’d • State-Dependent Memory: information is more easily retrieved when one is in the same physiological or emotional state as when the memory was originally encoded or learned

8. Remembering THE PROCESSES OF MEMORY, cont’d • Recognition: retrieval of information simply by determining whether or not something is familiar • Recall: retrieval of information from memory which involves reconstructing the memory • Who earned fame as the “Father of History? • Aristotle • Herodutus • Hippocrates • Plato Who earned fame as the “Father of History?

9. Remembering THE STAGES OF MEMORY • Sensory Memory is the immediate, initial recording of information that enters through our senses • It is short-lived >> sensed, processed, replaced • The sensory register >> storage bin • Iconic: brief mental pictures of visual stimuli

10. Remembering THE STAGES OF MEMORY • Haptic: sensations our body feels • Echoic: mental traces of sounds • Importance of >> • Prevents you from being overwhelmed • Gives you some decision making time • Allows for continuity and stability • Capacity >> virtually everything you see or hear at one instant • Duration >> fraction of a second

11. Remembering THE STAGES OF MEMORY • Short Term Memory is the working memory; it allows for the brief retention of newly acquired information • Primacy-Recency Effect: the tendency to recall the first and last items in a series of items • Chunking: the organization of items into familiar or manageable units

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13. Remembering THE STAGES OF MEMORY • LongTerm Memory • Explicit: clearly stated or explained information; knowledge that can be “called forth” consciously as needed • Episodic memory – memory of a specific event • Memories of one’s life, like a diary • Flashbulb memories – distinctive or emotional event that stands out from others

14. Remembering THE STAGES OF MEMORY • LongTerm Memory, cont’d • Semantic Memory – general knowledge people remember; retaining facts; not “imprinted” on the brain • Implicit: skills and procedures learned • Knowledge that becomes automatic • Muscle memory: relying on muscles tom perform complex motor skills • Retrospective: past experiences or events and previously acquired information

15. Remembering THE STAGES OF MEMORY • LongTerm Memory, cont’d • Semantic Memory – general knowledge people remember; retaining facts; not “imprinted” on the brain • Implicit: skills and procedures learned • Knowledge that becomes automatic • Muscle memory: relying on muscles tom perform complex motor skills • Retrospective: past experiences or events and previously acquired information

16. Remembering THE STAGES OF MEMORY • LongTerm Memory, cont’d • Prospective: things you need to do or know for the future • Schema: conceptual frameworks that a person uses to make sense of the world • Learned generalities about objects, events, and people • Sets of expectations that influence both the way we perceive things and the way sour memories store input

17. Practical Tips for Students • Pay attention and intend to remember • Analyze how to remember each fact and concept as you encounter it • Interpret/understand the material • Organize the material • Recite what you’ve learned • Review soon and in small, frequent “doses”

18. Remembering FORGETTING • Forgetting refers to the increase in errors in bringing material back from memory • Decay is the fading away of memory over time • Repression deliberately pushes painful or unpleasant memories out of our consciousness • Amnesia: memory loss that occurs after traumatic injury • Retrograde: prevents retrieval of old • Anterograde: prevents storage of new

19. Picture Credits Exam desks. http://novanews19.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/exams2.jpg Flipped classroom http://researchnetwork.pearson.com/wp-content/uploads/flippedclassroom.png Rafting http://scienceblogs.com/cognitivedaily/wp-content/blogs.dir/262/files/2012/04/i-9ec96d02dd10ac4930e7fd82e80cc364-dijkstra1.jpg Sparkler http://buildyourbridges.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Sparkler_child-bw.jpg Chore Chunks http://www.brainathlete.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/chunking.jpg

20. References. Context- and State-Dependent Memories. http://scienceofeducation2013.wordpress.com/2013/03/11/context-and-state-dependent-memory-blog-6-week-7-11th-march/ Sensory Memory http://www.brainathlete.com/tag/iconic-memory/