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Capacitors Explained: Types, Connections, and Applications

Learn about capacitors, including their types like parallel plate and cylindrical, connections in series or parallel, and applications in circuit design. Understand how capacitors store charge with potential difference, the concept of capacitance, and the importance of size in electronic devices. Dive into the world of capacitors with insightful explanations and examples to enhance your understanding of these essential components in electrical engineering.

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Capacitors Explained: Types, Connections, and Applications

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  1. Welcome Back • Exam returned Wed or Friday. • Problem 1 – We did it in class • Problem 2 - A Web Assign Problem • Problem 3 - Superposition • Quiz on Friday (Capacitors) • New WebAssign Posted … Wait until Wednesday to try. Capacitors

  2. Chapter 25 • Capacitors Battery Capacitors

  3. Remember distributed Charges Capacitors

  4. Infinite Metal Plates + +++++++ - - - - - - - Capacitors

  5. Addemup + +++++++ - - - - - - - E=0 E=0 Capacitors

  6. Not quite infinite … Capacitors

  7. Capacitor • Composed of two metal plates. • Each plate is charged • one positive • one negative • Stores Charge • Can store a LOT of charge and can be dangerous! Capacitors

  8. A Simple Electric Circuit ? Capacitors

  9. Don’t ask questions because I don’t know the answers! Zn Metal Cu Metal Aqueous Solution of Capacitors

  10. What’s Next? • Zn(solid) Zn2+ +2e- • Electrons Hang Around • Zn ion goes into the solution. • Cu2+(solution) +2e-Cu depositing on Cu electrode Capacitors

  11. Capacitors

  12. For Additional Information Consult your Friendly Neighborhood Chemistry Professor! Capacitors

  13. Demo Capacitors

  14. d Air or Vacuum E - Q +Q Gaussian Surface Area A V=Potential Difference Gauss on Capacitors Same result from other plate! Capacitors

  15. d Air or Vacuum E - Q +Q Symbol Area A V=Potential Difference Two Charged Plates(Neglect Fringing Fields) Capacitors

  16. d Air or Vacuum E - Q +Q + Area A V=Potential Difference Note Consider a +q charge at the (-) plate. Move it to the (+) plate Work to do this is W=Fd=qEd also W=q(Vf-Vi)=qV Therefore Ed=V E=V/d E=V/d Capacitors

  17. Device • The Potential Difference is APPLIED by a battery or a circuit. • The charge q on the capacitor is found to be proportional to the applied voltage. • The proportionality constant is C and is referred to as the CAPACITANCE of the device. DEFINITION Capacitors

  18. UNITS Capacitors

  19. Look again Capacitors

  20. Continuing… • The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depends only on the Area and separation between the plates. • C is dependent only on the geometry of the device! Capacitors

  21. Diversion on Capacitors

  22. Two Metal Plates a Capacitor Make. Capacitors

  23. More is better! Capacitors

  24. Implementation - Variable Capacitors

  25. How do you do that? Capacitors

  26. Roll it up, Scottie Capacitors

  27. Stacked Disks, etc. Capacitors

  28. Units of e0 pico Capacitors

  29. Simple Capacitor Circuits • Batteries • Apply potential differences • Capacitors • Wires • Wires are METALS. • Continuous strands of wire are all at the same potential. • Separate strands of wire connected to circuit elements may be at DIFFERENT potentials. Capacitors

  30. Size Matters! • A Random Access Memory stores information on small capacitors which are either charged (bit=1) or uncharged (bit=0). • Voltage across one of these capacitors ie either zero or the power source voltage (5.3 volts in this example). • Typical capacitance is 55 fF (femto=10-15) • Question: How many electrons are stored on one of these capacitors in the +1 state? Capacitors

  31. Small is better in the IC world! Capacitors

  32. TWO Types of Connections SERIES PARALLEL Capacitors

  33. V V CEquivalent=CE Parallel Connection C1 C2 C3 Capacitors

  34. q -q q -q V C1 C2 Series Connection The charge on each capacitor is the same ! Capacitors

  35. V1 V2 q -q q -q C1 C2 V Series Connection Continued Capacitors

  36. For Bunches of Capacitors Capacitors

  37. Capacitors

  38. Example C1=12.0 uf C2= 5.3 uf C3= 4.5 ud C1 C2 series (12+5.3)pf V C3 Capacitors

  39. E=e0A/d +dq +q -q More on the Big C • We move a charge dq from the (-) plate to the (+) one. • The (-) plate becomes more (-) • The (+) plate becomes more (+). • dW=Fd=dq x E x d Capacitors

  40. So…. Capacitors

  41. Parallel Plate Cylindrical Spherical Not All Capacitors are Created Equal Capacitors

  42. Spherical Capacitor Capacitors

  43. Calculate Potential Difference V (-) sign because E and ds are in OPPOSITE directions. Capacitors

  44. Continuing… Lost (-) sign due to switch of limits. Capacitors

  45. Real Materials • Consist of atoms or molecules bonded together. • Some atoms and molecules do not have dipole moments when isolated. • Some do. • Two types to consider: • Polar • Non-Polar Capacitors

  46. Polar Molecule E Capacitors

  47. Polar Materials Capacitors

  48. Capacitors

  49. Apply an Electric Field Some LOCAL ordering Large Scale Ordering Capacitors

  50. Adding things up.. - E + Net effect REDUCES the field Capacitors

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