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Emotion and Affect

Emotion and Affect. Ellen. Linda. Martin. Tony. Goals for this topic. What are emotions? Affect? Mood? Theoretical approaches to emotions Effects of emotions on attitudes and behavior Affect as information Mere exposure Moral emotions Information processing and stereotyping

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Emotion and Affect

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  1. Emotion and Affect

  2. Ellen Linda Martin Tony

  3. Goals for this topic • What are emotions? Affect? Mood? • Theoretical approaches to emotions • Effects of emotions on attitudes and behavior • Affect as information • Mere exposure • Moral emotions • Information processing and stereotyping • Expression of emotion • Cultural differences

  4. ________ _________ __________ _________

  5. Ellen Tony Linda Martin

  6. What is Emotion? • Emotion – conscious evaluative reaction to some event • “Biologically-based patterns of perception, experience, physiology, action and communication” (Keltner & Gross, 1999). • Mood – feeling state not clearly linked to some event • Affect – automatic response that something is good or bad

  7. Theoretical approaches to emotion • James-Lange • Canon-Bard • Shachter and Singer • Functional

  8. Theoretical Approaches • How do we know what emotion we’re experiencing?

  9. How do people experience emotions? First, Think about the last time you were very angry about something. How does it physically feel when you are…Angry?

  10. How do people experience emotions? Now, Think about the last time you were very excited about something. How does it physically feel when you are… excited?

  11. Theoretical Approaches • Physical component: James-Lange theory

  12. James-Lange vs. Bard

  13. Facial Feedback Experiment (Strack, Martin, & Stepper, 1988)

  14. Results

  15. Schachter and Singer

  16. Misattribution of Arousal Dutton & Aron (1974) • N=45 males, 18-45 years old • Independent variable: • Scary or normal bridge • Dependent variable: • Calls back to female experimenter • TAT for Sexual Content

  17. Scary bridge Normal bridge Misattribution of Arousal

  18. Misattribution of Arousal

  19. Functional Approaches • Why do we have emotions? • Emotions not endpoints. • Motivate behavior • Affect attention, learning, memory, regulatory variables, goal priorities, social interactions

  20. Functional Approaches • What is the purpose of each of these emotions? • Anger • Fear • Happiness • Disgust • Think about how these emotions affect how you think and behave. How do they affect how others behave toward you?

  21. Functions of Emotions • Anger: implies someone has experienced loss/injustice and deserves redress, intimidates, increases intensity of response (sometimes aggression)

  22. Functions of emotions • Fear: interrupts current activity, heightens attention to threatening information, motivates fight/flight response

  23. Functions of emotions • Happiness: communicates that it’s ok for others to approach, activated by gain/reward

  24. Functions of emotions • Disgust: avoid/reject noxious stimulus, protective (sometimes from violations of cultural norms)

  25. Effects of emotions • Affect as Information: • Emotions provide information about the environment. • Should you stop/continue what you’re doing. • Affect transfer and attitude.

  26. Affect as informationSchwartz & Clore (1983) • How happy do you feel with your life right now? • How satisfied/dissatisfied to you feel with your life?

  27. Affect as informationSchwartz & Clore (1983) • How happy are you with your life?

  28. Affect as informationSchwartz & Clore (1983) • Other IVs: Write about a life event that made you feel good/bad. • Attribution manipulation: Other participants have reported this room makes them tense/elated or control condition. • DVs: How happy/satisfied are you with your life right now? (Control = 5.5)

  29. A7 D3 B3 C6

  30. Mere exposure • Tendency to develop an emotional preference for the familiar over the unfamiliar. • Frequency of exposure • Songs? • People?

  31. Mere ExposureZajonc (1986) • Chinese characters, Turkish words • Saw/pronounced 1-25 times

  32. Mere Exposure • Moreland & Beach (1992): women coming into class; the more they came to class, the more other students liked her

  33. Mere Exposure • Why does this happen? • How might the mere exposure effect be adaptive?

  34. Moral Emotions • Julie and Mark are brother and sister. They are traveling together in France on summer vacation from college. One night they are staying alone in a cabin near the beach. They decide that it would be interesting and fun if they tried making love. At very least it would be a new experience for each of them. Julie was already taking birth control pills, but Mark uses a condom too, just to be safe. They both enjoy making love, but they decide not to do it again. They keep that night as a special secret, which makes them feel even closer to each other. • What do you think about that, was it OK for them to make love?

  35. Moral Emotions • A woman is cleaning out her closet and she finds her old American flag. She doesn’t want the flag anymore, so she cuts it up into pieces and uses the rags to clean her bathroom. • Is this ok? Why or why not? • A family’s dog was killed by a car in front of their house. They had heard that dog meat was delicious, so they cut up the dog’s body and cooked it and ate it for dinner. • Is this ok? Why or why not?

  36. Moral Emotions 30 Rock

  37. Moral Emotions • What emotions are most relevant for moral judgments? • Anger • Disgust • Guilt/Shame/Embarrassment • Contempt • Sympathy/Compassion

  38. Moral emotions Intuitionist Model Situation Emotion/ Intuition Judgment Reasoning

  39. Moral EmotionsSchnall, Haidt, Clore, & Jordan (2008) DV: Severity of moral judgment Moderator variable: Private Body Consciousness

  40. Moral emotions • We base our moral judgments on the gut-level emotional reactions we have to an event/action. • Individual differences in Private Body Self- Consciousness and Disgust Sensitivity

  41. Emotions, Information Processing and Stereotyping • Which emotions do you think make people stereotype more? • Use System 1? Use System 2?

  42. Emotions, Information Processing and Stereotyping • Q: Does mood affect whether you process information heuristically or systematically? • Message: Should it be ok to drill for oil off the SW coast of the U.S.? • IVs: strong vs. weak argument Happy Neutral Sad

  43. Emotions, Information Processing and Stereotyping • Two part study: • Part 1) Happiness induction and control • Part 2) Judgment on student disciplinary court • Case: Allegation of assault or cheating on exam • Manipulation: Stereotype activation: Student is a well-known track-and-field athlete or no mention Bodenhausen, Kramer, & Susser (1994)

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