no-till

1. ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? no-till ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????, ?. ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? to-till Increasing Profits withNo-Till Systems Roger Ashley Area Extension Agronomist Dickinson Research Extension Center 1041 State Avenue Dickinson, ND 58601 Phone: 701-483-2348 Ext 106 Email: Roger.Ashley@ndsu.edu Presented at Agrihort Show, Kiev, Ukraine Feb 12, 13, 14, 2008 ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? to-till Increasing Profits withNo-Till Systems Roger Ashley Area Extension Agronomist Dickinson Research Extension Center 1041 State Avenue Dickinson, ND 58601 Phone: 701-483-2348 Ext 106 Email: Roger.Ashley@ndsu.edu Presented at Agrihort Show, Kiev, Ukraine Feb 12, 13, 14, 2008

2. No-till is not new. Ancient Egyptian writings indicate crops were seeded without tillage prior to seeding. In the USA Navajo Indians have seeded corn with little more than a stick to create a hole in which seed is planted. This is a photograph taken in 1923 by W. Talbot, a USDA range scientist who studied production practices in western USA. On the back of one of these pictures Talbot commented, �A small field of corn planted by hand without plowing or other preliminary soil preparation in a small sandy delta of a wash which is dry most of the year but flows for short periods following summer showers. Navajo, Indian Corn, Arizona, Navajo, Arizona, 1923.�No-till is not new. Ancient Egyptian writings indicate crops were seeded without tillage prior to seeding. In the USA Navajo Indians have seeded corn with little more than a stick to create a hole in which seed is planted. This is a photograph taken in 1923 by W. Talbot, a USDA range scientist who studied production practices in western USA. On the back of one of these pictures Talbot commented, �A small field of corn planted by hand without plowing or other preliminary soil preparation in a small sandy delta of a wash which is dry most of the year but flows for short periods following summer showers. Navajo, Indian Corn, Arizona, Navajo, Arizona, 1923.�

3. Individual county adoption no-till acres are shown in the map above. This is the percent of the total acres seeded to spring cereal crops using no-till seeding methods as to CTIC definitions. Residue Crop Management Survey 2004. This data was compiled by the Conservation Technology Information Center located at Purdue University in 2004. The survey is conducted every two years. The next survey is scheduled for 2006. Definitions used by CTIC for the survey: Conservation Tillage = Any tillage and planting system that covers 30 percent or more of the soil surface with crop residue, after planting, to reduce soil erosion by water. Where soil erosion by wind is the primary concern, any system that maintains at least 1000 pounds per acre of flat, small grain residue equivalent on the surface throughout the critical wind erosion period. No-till/strip-till = The soil is left undisturbed from harvest to planting except for strips up to 1/3 of the row width (strips may involve only residue disturbance or may include soil disturbance). Planting or drilling is accomplished using disc openers, coulters, row cleaners, in-row chisels or roto-tillers. Weed control is accomplished primarily with crop protection products. Cultivation may be used for emergency weed control. Other common terms used to describe No-till include direct seeding, slot planting, zero-till, row-till, and slot till. Ridge-till = The soil is left undisturbed from harvest to planting except for strips up to 1/3 of the row width. Planting is completed on the ridge and usually involves the removal of the top of the ridge. Planting is completed with sweeps, disk openers, coulters, or row cleaners. Residue is left on the surface between ridges. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products (frequently banded) and/or cultivation. Ridges are rebuilt during row cultivation. Mulch-till = Full-width tillage involving one or more tillage trips which disturbs all of the soil surface and is done prior to and/or during planting. Tillage tools such as chisels, field cultivators, disks, sweeps or blades are used. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products and or cultivation. Reduced-till = (15-30% residue) Full-width tillage which involving one or more tillage trips which disturbs all of the soil surface and is performed prior to and/or during planting. There is 15-30 percent residue cover after planting or 500-1000 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion period. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products and/or row cultivation. Conventional-till or intensive-till = Full width tillage which disturbs all of the soil surface and is performed prior to and/or during planting. There is less than 15 percent residue cover after planting, or less than 500 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion period. Generally involves plowing or intensive (numerous) tillage trips. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products and/or row cultivation. Individual county adoption no-till acres are shown in the map above. This is the percent of the total acres seeded to spring cereal crops using no-till seeding methods as to CTIC definitions. Residue Crop Management Survey 2004. This data was compiled by the Conservation Technology Information Center located at Purdue University in 2004. The survey is conducted every two years. The next survey is scheduled for 2006. Definitions used by CTIC for the survey: Conservation Tillage = Any tillage and planting system that covers 30 percent or more of the soil surface with crop residue, after planting, to reduce soil erosion by water. Where soil erosion by wind is the primary concern, any system that maintains at least 1000 pounds per acre of flat, small grain residue equivalent on the surface throughout the critical wind erosion period. No-till/strip-till = The soil is left undisturbed from harvest to planting except for strips up to 1/3 of the row width (strips may involve only residue disturbance or may include soil disturbance). Planting or drilling is accomplished using disc openers, coulters, row cleaners, in-row chisels or roto-tillers. Weed control is accomplished primarily with crop protection products. Cultivation may be used for emergency weed control. Other common terms used to describe No-till include direct seeding, slot planting, zero-till, row-till, and slot till. Ridge-till = The soil is left undisturbed from harvest to planting except for strips up to 1/3 of the row width. Planting is completed on the ridge and usually involves the removal of the top of the ridge. Planting is completed with sweeps, disk openers, coulters, or row cleaners. Residue is left on the surface between ridges. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products (frequently banded) and/or cultivation. Ridges are rebuilt during row cultivation. Mulch-till = Full-width tillage involving one or more tillage trips which disturbs all of the soil surface and is done prior to and/or during planting. Tillage tools such as chisels, field cultivators, disks, sweeps or blades are used. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products and or cultivation. Reduced-till = (15-30% residue) Full-width tillage which involving one or more tillage trips which disturbs all of the soil surface and is performed prior to and/or during planting. There is 15-30 percent residue cover after planting or 500-1000 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion period. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products and/or row cultivation. Conventional-till or intensive-till = Full width tillage which disturbs all of the soil surface and is performed prior to and/or during planting. There is less than 15 percent residue cover after planting, or less than 500 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion period. Generally involves plowing or intensive (numerous) tillage trips. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products and/or row cultivation.

4. Total acres of soybean and the percent of soybean seeded using no-till in North Dakota Counties. Data is from 2004 CTIC survey. Most soybean is grown east of the Missouri River primarily because precipitation in July and August is insufficient and erratic west of the Missouri River. No-till nationally is used on about 19% of the total land area seeded to crops. This is increasing at the rate of about 1 to 2% per year.Total acres of soybean and the percent of soybean seeded using no-till in North Dakota Counties. Data is from 2004 CTIC survey. Most soybean is grown east of the Missouri River primarily because precipitation in July and August is insufficient and erratic west of the Missouri River. No-till nationally is used on about 19% of the total land area seeded to crops. This is increasing at the rate of about 1 to 2% per year.

5. What Tillage Does Tillage destroys soil structure. Even periodic tillage will destroys aggregation within 31 days following tillage event suggesting that tillage rather than the indirect effect of bare soils or plant community changes destroyed soil aggregates (A.S. Grandy, G.P. Robertson, and K.D. Thelen, Published in Agron J. 98:1377-1383 (2006). Result is soils are more susceptible to water erosion (picture taken in Stark County, ND, 2005) wind erosion (picture taken in Foster County, ND, 2005). Soil compaction is more likely. Since soil aggregates are destroyed by tillage the first good rain storm following the tillage event will compact the soil. Deeper tillage will move the tillage pan to the depth of tillage. With deep ripping this is only about 450 mm. Full rooting depth in unrestricted soils for a number of corps is 1050 mm. The environment found in tilled soils is less favorable for the microorganisms that help in cycling nutrients. Picture of corn in low right corner shows phosphorous deficiency. What Tillage Does Tillage destroys soil structure. Even periodic tillage will destroys aggregation within 31 days following tillage event suggesting that tillage rather than the indirect effect of bare soils or plant community changes destroyed soil aggregates (A.S. Grandy, G.P. Robertson, and K.D. Thelen, Published in Agron J. 98:1377-1383 (2006). Result is soils are more susceptible to water erosion (picture taken in Stark County, ND, 2005) wind erosion (picture taken in Foster County, ND, 2005). Soil compaction is more likely. Since soil aggregates are destroyed by tillage the first good rain storm following the tillage event will compact the soil. Deeper tillage will move the tillage pan to the depth of tillage. With deep ripping this is only about 450 mm. Full rooting depth in unrestricted soils for a number of corps is 1050 mm. The environment found in tilled soils is less favorable for the microorganisms that help in cycling nutrients. Picture of corn in low right corner shows phosphorous deficiency.

6. No-till is a system not just a drill! Some producers till their fields before seeding with a no-till drill. The results will be the same as a tilled field even though they used a no-till drill. No-till is an approach that minimizes soil and residue disturbance while seeding, fertilizing, controlling weeds, and harvesting without the use of tillage prior to during, or after planting. No-till is a system not just a drill! Some producers till their fields before seeding with a no-till drill. The results will be the same as a tilled field even though they used a no-till drill. No-till is an approach that minimizes soil and residue disturbance while seeding, fertilizing, controlling weeds, and harvesting without the use of tillage prior to during, or after planting.

7. This is an example of a undisturbed North Dakota prairie soil. Soils will develop vertically. Roots will develop a soil profile that is capable of allowing water to run into the soil rather than run off. Water storage is more efficient compared to tilled soils where water runs off. This is an example of a undisturbed North Dakota prairie soil. Soils will develop vertically. Roots will develop a soil profile that is capable of allowing water to run into the soil rather than run off. Water storage is more efficient compared to tilled soils where water runs off.

8. ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? � ????????? ???????? The next series of pictures (3 pictures) were taken in Ukraine about 250 km southeast of Kiev. The first picture is of an undisturbed soil found in a fence row. Notice the soil structure and rooting in this image. The spade depth is approximate 450 mm.The next series of pictures (3 pictures) were taken in Ukraine about 250 km southeast of Kiev. The first picture is of an undisturbed soil found in a fence row. Notice the soil structure and rooting in this image. The spade depth is approximate 450 mm.

9. ??????????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????? � ? ???? ????????? ???????? This is the soil as it looks in an adjacent field that has been under intensive tillage for at least 40 years. Not the compacted layer extends to a depth of 150mm the depth of tillage. Root development in this tilled layer is restricted � very few roots can be seen in this restricted root zone.This is the soil as it looks in an adjacent field that has been under intensive tillage for at least 40 years. Not the compacted layer extends to a depth of 150mm the depth of tillage. Root development in this tilled layer is restricted � very few roots can be seen in this restricted root zone.

10. This is a picture of a soil profile taken in a field adjacent to the previous soil profile picture. This soil has been under a minimum-till system where narrow how type openers have been used for the past five or six years. The first 0 to 3 inches is compacted while below 3 inches the soil is recovering from some of the extensive tilling. This soil is only half-way to recovery. Using less aggressive type openers would reduce compaction to zero. This is a picture of a soil profile taken in a field adjacent to the previous soil profile picture. This soil has been under a minimum-till system where narrow how type openers have been used for the past five or six years. The first 0 to 3 inches is compacted while below 3 inches the soil is recovering from some of the extensive tilling. This soil is only half-way to recovery. Using less aggressive type openers would reduce compaction to zero.

11. ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? Advantages Fuel conservation Time conservation Time flexibility Improve soil organic matter Preservation of soil structure Preservation of earthworms and other soil fauna Improved aeration The picture in the background is no-till dormant seeded spring wheat into garbanzo bean stubble near Beach, ND. Fuel conservation � Up to 80% of fuel is conserved by converting from tillage to no-till. Even when all energy inputs are considered in producing no-till requires only 70 to 80% of the energy required to produce the same crop with tillage. Time conservation � To seed, manage, and harvest a crop, no-till requires 1/3 to 2/3 the amount of time as tilled crop production. Time flexibility � no-till allows producers may delay some decisions about growing crops in a given field and/or season. Improvement in soil organic matter. Soil organic matter increases since soil is not disturbed and CO2 released. Preservation of earthworms and other soil fauna. Tillage destroys structure as well as earthworms and other soil microorganisms. Improved aeration. Improvement in earthworm numbers, organic matter and soil structure usually result in improved soil aeration over time.Advantages Fuel conservation Time conservation Time flexibility Improve soil organic matter Preservation of soil structure Preservation of earthworms and other soil fauna Improved aeration The picture in the background is no-till dormant seeded spring wheat into garbanzo bean stubble near Beach, ND. Fuel conservation � Up to 80% of fuel is conserved by converting from tillage to no-till. Even when all energy inputs are considered in producing no-till requires only 70 to 80% of the energy required to produce the same crop with tillage. Time conservation � To seed, manage, and harvest a crop, no-till requires 1/3 to 2/3 the amount of time as tilled crop production. Time flexibility � no-till allows producers may delay some decisions about growing crops in a given field and/or season. Improvement in soil organic matter. Soil organic matter increases since soil is not disturbed and CO2 released. Preservation of earthworms and other soil fauna. Tillage destroys structure as well as earthworms and other soil microorganisms. Improved aeration. Improvement in earthworm numbers, organic matter and soil structure usually result in improved soil aeration over time.

12. ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? Advantages Improved infiltration. Reduce erosion Soil moisture conservation Moderate soil temperature Reduce weed seed germination Reduce runoff pollution Improved trafficability Reduce machinery costs More time for management Improved trafficability. Since soils are �weather proofed� , have improved structure, etc. fields will stand up to traffic � compaction is less of a problem than on tilled soils. Reduced machinery costs. No-till requires a tractor, no-till drill, sprayer, and combine. Since tillage isn�t needed in a no-till operation field cultivators, discs, chisel plows, harrows, etc are not needed. Since tillage isn�t needed tractors will not wear out as fast as in conventional tillage operations.Advantages Improved infiltration. Reduce erosion Soil moisture conservation Moderate soil temperature Reduce weed seed germination Reduce runoff pollution Improved trafficability Reduce machinery costs More time for management Improved trafficability. Since soils are �weather proofed� , have improved structure, etc. fields will stand up to traffic � compaction is less of a problem than on tilled soils. Reduced machinery costs. No-till requires a tractor, no-till drill, sprayer, and combine. Since tillage isn�t needed in a no-till operation field cultivators, discs, chisel plows, harrows, etc are not needed. Since tillage isn�t needed tractors will not wear out as fast as in conventional tillage operations.

13. No-tillage No-till � Planters disturb less than 20% of the row width is disturbed. STIR value in NT systems does not exceed a value of 10 in any year of the rotation. A no-till operation could have a STIR of 3. The background photo was taken in Germany on a dairy farm. Harvesting barley grain and seeding turnip for winter cattle feed. STIR Value here is estimated to be 2.2. Very low soil disturbance yet very productive. Anytime soils don�t have a crop growing on it is in fallow. In western North Dakota fallow periods use to be up to 18 months long. In this picture the length of fallow period is about 5 minutes.No-tillage No-till � Planters disturb less than 20% of the row width is disturbed. STIR value in NT systems does not exceed a value of 10 in any year of the rotation. A no-till operation could have a STIR of 3. The background photo was taken in Germany on a dairy farm. Harvesting barley grain and seeding turnip for winter cattle feed. STIR Value here is estimated to be 2.2. Very low soil disturbance yet very productive. Anytime soils don�t have a crop growing on it is in fallow. In western North Dakota fallow periods use to be up to 18 months long. In this picture the length of fallow period is about 5 minutes.

14. ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??????? No-till ???????????? ???????????? ??? /???????? ????????? ???????????? (????? ???????) ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????????, ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? 2X ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????????, ???????? ????? ????????? ???? & NH3 Sequence of Operations � Spring Wheat in western North Dakota No-till Spray Plant/Fertilizer Spray Harvest Combine, Trucks, Grain Auger Conventional-till Field cultivation twice over. Pick rocks Plant Spray Swath Harvest Combine, Trucks, Grain Auger Chisel plow & NH3 Each operation requires both fuel and labor thus increasing production expenses. Sequence of Operations � Spring Wheat in western North Dakota No-till Spray Plant/Fertilizer Spray Harvest Combine, Trucks, Grain Auger Conventional-till Field cultivation twice over. Pick rocks Plant Spray Swath Harvest Combine, Trucks, Grain Auger Chisel plow & NH3 Each operation requires both fuel and labor thus increasing production expenses.

15. Energy requirement to perform various tillage operations. These numbers will vary with the depth of tillage, equipment used, efficiency of operation, soil type, etc. but these are good �ball park� numbers and will illustrate what happens when we decrease or increase tillage operations. Note the seeding operation with a no-till drill will require more energy than the seeding operation with a traditional drill. However one to several tillage operations will be required prior to the use of a traditional drill. Even when the energy is considered in the production of the herbicide and the application of the herbicide, total energy use in a no-till system is still less than that used in a conventional-till and minimum-till system. The following is an estimate on the number of liters of fuel required per hectare per time over. For example if the operation runs a field cultivator over the field twice and running over the field requires 5.73 liters/hectare/time over then the two field cultivations will require 11.46 liters of fuel. Chisel Plow 7.64 liters/hectare Disc 8.59 liters/hectare Field cultivator 5.73 liters/hectare Spike-tooth harrow 1.91 liters/hectare Subsoiler (14 inches) 13.08 liters/hectare Spray Herbicide 1.05 liters/hectare Apply Herbicide and Disc 9.65 liters/hectare Apply Anhydrous Ammonia 4.77 liters/hectare Broadcast Granular Fertilizer 1.91 liters/hectare Spray Liquid Fertilizer 2.01 liters/hectare Conventional Seeding 4.11 liters/hectare No-till Seeding 5.08 liters/hectareEnergy requirement to perform various tillage operations. These numbers will vary with the depth of tillage, equipment used, efficiency of operation, soil type, etc. but these are good �ball park� numbers and will illustrate what happens when we decrease or increase tillage operations. Note the seeding operation with a no-till drill will require more energy than the seeding operation with a traditional drill. However one to several tillage operations will be required prior to the use of a traditional drill. Even when the energy is considered in the production of the herbicide and the application of the herbicide, total energy use in a no-till system is still less than that used in a conventional-till and minimum-till system. The following is an estimate on the number of liters of fuel required per hectare per time over. For example if the operation runs a field cultivator over the field twice and running over the field requires 5.73 liters/hectare/time over then the two field cultivations will require 11.46 liters of fuel. Chisel Plow 7.64 liters/hectare Disc 8.59 liters/hectare Field cultivator 5.73 liters/hectare Spike-tooth harrow 1.91 liters/hectare Subsoiler (14 inches) 13.08 liters/hectare Spray Herbicide 1.05 liters/hectare Apply Herbicide and Disc 9.65 liters/hectare Apply Anhydrous Ammonia 4.77 liters/hectare Broadcast Granular Fertilizer 1.91 liters/hectare Spray Liquid Fertilizer 2.01 liters/hectare Conventional Seeding 4.11 liters/hectare No-till Seeding 5.08 liters/hectare

16. The 2005 Hard Red Spring Wheat Projected Budgets were used in developing this example. Fuel Use is examined here for a No-till and a Conventional-till system for southwestern North Dakota. A total of 26.2 liters of diesel fuel per hectare is used in no-till compared to 49.6 liters in a conventional-tillage system. Diesel fuel is listed here as 4 UAH and 5 UAH per liter. As fuel increases from 4 UAH to 5 UAH the savings in fuel costs for a no-till system will increase compared to a conventional-till system. No-till = Spray, Plant, Spray, Harvest Conventional-till = Field Cultivator, Plant, Spray, Swath, Harvest, Chisel Plow The 2005 Hard Red Spring Wheat Projected Budgets were used in developing this example. Fuel Use is examined here for a No-till and a Conventional-till system for southwestern North Dakota. A total of 26.2 liters of diesel fuel per hectare is used in no-till compared to 49.6 liters in a conventional-tillage system. Diesel fuel is listed here as 4 UAH and 5 UAH per liter. As fuel increases from 4 UAH to 5 UAH the savings in fuel costs for a no-till system will increase compared to a conventional-till system. No-till = Spray, Plant, Spray, Harvest Conventional-till = Field Cultivator, Plant, Spray, Swath, Harvest, Chisel Plow

17. Dickinson Research Extension Center Rotation and Tillage Study Spring Wheat Average Yield 2000-2004 Wheat-Pea and Continuous Wheat Clean-Till and No-till Results are significant. Moving from a continuous wheat clean-till program to a no-till program which uses a wheat-pea rotation will provide very significant increase in yield and income. Rotations are very important for controlling disease, insects, and weeds. Since tillage isn�t the primary means to control these pests then more emphasis on rotations will need to be used to control pests.Dickinson Research Extension Center Rotation and Tillage Study Spring Wheat Average Yield 2000-2004 Wheat-Pea and Continuous Wheat Clean-Till and No-till Results are significant. Moving from a continuous wheat clean-till program to a no-till program which uses a wheat-pea rotation will provide very significant increase in yield and income. Rotations are very important for controlling disease, insects, and weeds. Since tillage isn�t the primary means to control these pests then more emphasis on rotations will need to be used to control pests.

18. Dickinson Research Extension Center Rotation and Tillage Study Returns are for spring wheat only. Pea prices are currently 3.95 to $5.00 per bushel. Pea yields for wheat pea no-till were 36.4 bushel per acre and in the clean tilled 29 bushels per acre. Using both rotation and no-tillage increases profits.Dickinson Research Extension Center Rotation and Tillage Study Returns are for spring wheat only. Pea prices are currently 3.95 to $5.00 per bushel. Pea yields for wheat pea no-till were 36.4 bushel per acre and in the clean tilled 29 bushels per acre. Using both rotation and no-tillage increases profits.

19. Crop rotations in a no-till system needs to be considered carefully. In no-till water-use efficiency will increase. Cropping diversity and cropping intensity will need to be increased with no-till. Using the same cropping intensity in no-till that was used previously with conventional-till systems will result in problems. Here the producer needs to grow crops which utilize more water than what is used just by cool season crops. Additional information on crop diversity and intensity can be found on our Web site or DakotaLakesFarms.com (SDSU Dakota Lakes Research Farm at Pierre, SDCrop rotations in a no-till system needs to be considered carefully. In no-till water-use efficiency will increase. Cropping diversity and cropping intensity will need to be increased with no-till. Using the same cropping intensity in no-till that was used previously with conventional-till systems will result in problems. Here the producer needs to grow crops which utilize more water than what is used just by cool season crops. Additional information on crop diversity and intensity can be found on our Web site or DakotaLakesFarms.com (SDSU Dakota Lakes Research Farm at Pierre, SD

20. Equipment Straw and Chaff Spreader After planning getting residue from the previous crop spread evenly across the field is important. Leaving straw piled in windrows, etc will result in uneven warming of the soil as well as provide a obstacle to placing seed at a uniform depth throughout the field. The best way to do this is at harvest time with your combine. The spread should occur across the entire width of the header on the combine. If the combine doesn�t do a very good job of spreading producers could use a fail chopper with the top open or a forage chopper with a pick up unit to blow the chopped straw more evenly across the field. Some producers bale the previous crop residue and haul it off the field. Residue that is left on the field has a benefit for maintaining moisture and humidity levels high in the seeding zone as well as maintaining cooler soil temperatures. Equipment Straw and Chaff Spreader After planning getting residue from the previous crop spread evenly across the field is important. Leaving straw piled in windrows, etc will result in uneven warming of the soil as well as provide a obstacle to placing seed at a uniform depth throughout the field. The best way to do this is at harvest time with your combine. The spread should occur across the entire width of the header on the combine. If the combine doesn�t do a very good job of spreading producers could use a fail chopper with the top open or a forage chopper with a pick up unit to blow the chopped straw more evenly across the field. Some producers bale the previous crop residue and haul it off the field. Residue that is left on the field has a benefit for maintaining moisture and humidity levels high in the seeding zone as well as maintaining cooler soil temperatures.

21. Stripper Header Leaves residue standing Increases combine efficiency Ideal for low-disturbance operations In low disturbance leave residue attached and standing upright otherwise disc openers have difficulty. Since the majority of the straw never goes through the separating unit in the combine this system is inherently more efficient at spreading crop residue across the entire width of the combine. Producers who consistently have high yields have been going to this type of header to manage crop residue remaining from such high yields. Stripper Header Leaves residue standing Increases combine efficiency Ideal for low-disturbance operations In low disturbance leave residue attached and standing upright otherwise disc openers have difficulty. Since the majority of the straw never goes through the separating unit in the combine this system is inherently more efficient at spreading crop residue across the entire width of the combine. Producers who consistently have high yields have been going to this type of header to manage crop residue remaining from such high yields.

22. Some producers say soil temperatures are cold because of no-till. Soil temperature at seeding depth in early spring at Dickinson, ND. The temperature response of no-till following pea is similar to that of conventionally tilled soils. No-till soil temperatures following wheat warm more slowly but when temperatures suddenly fall in the spring during a cold snap, soil temperatures will lag behind no-till pea soil temperatures and conventional-tilled soils. Generally soil temperatures will lag about 3 to 5 days behind conventional-till fields. Some producers say soil temperatures are cold because of no-till. Soil temperature at seeding depth in early spring at Dickinson, ND. The temperature response of no-till following pea is similar to that of conventionally tilled soils. No-till soil temperatures following wheat warm more slowly but when temperatures suddenly fall in the spring during a cold snap, soil temperatures will lag behind no-till pea soil temperatures and conventional-tilled soils. Generally soil temperatures will lag about 3 to 5 days behind conventional-till fields.

23. Soil temperatures affect both the soil biology and water-use efficiency of crops. Soil temperatures affect both the soil biology and water-use efficiency of crops.

24. ???????????? ????????????? ??????? � ?????? ??? ??????? GPS Equipment Sprayer GPS or foam marker for application Since it is more difficult to determine coverage of a herbicide application compared to coverage from a tillage implement, producers should consider using a foam marker or GPS system. A low technology method would be to flag each pass. Complete coverage is important and well worth the effort to make sure herbicides are applied properly.Equipment Sprayer GPS or foam marker for application Since it is more difficult to determine coverage of a herbicide application compared to coverage from a tillage implement, producers should consider using a foam marker or GPS system. A low technology method would be to flag each pass. Complete coverage is important and well worth the effort to make sure herbicides are applied properly.

25. Equipment Which Opener? STIR for double disc and single disc is 2.43. STIR for Cross-slot opener is 1.95 STIR factor stands for Soil Tillage Intensity Rating. This rating not only looks at the % of surface area disturbed but also is affected by vertical disturbance. The Anderson opener pictured will have a STIR rating of 16.9 with disc type openers with a lower STIR rating depending on configuration. Hoe openers (sweeps) cause greater disturbance. A �hybrid� type opener such as a Cross-slot opener causes less disturbance than the disc opener. This opener has elements of both a disc opener and a hoe opener.Equipment Which Opener? STIR for double disc and single disc is 2.43. STIR for Cross-slot opener is 1.95 STIR factor stands for Soil Tillage Intensity Rating. This rating not only looks at the % of surface area disturbed but also is affected by vertical disturbance. The Anderson opener pictured will have a STIR rating of 16.9 with disc type openers with a lower STIR rating depending on configuration. Hoe openers (sweeps) cause greater disturbance. A �hybrid� type opener such as a Cross-slot opener causes less disturbance than the disc opener. This opener has elements of both a disc opener and a hoe opener.

26. Slot on left did not seal properly or popped open afterwards. Result is failure. Single disc, double disc, and hoe drills move soil horizontally making it difficult to seal the seed slot. The inverted-T opener (Cross-slot) moves soil vertically. Between gravity and the press/gauge wheel the slot is closed. Very dependable system. Slot on left did not seal properly or popped open afterwards. Result is failure. Single disc, double disc, and hoe drills move soil horizontally making it difficult to seal the seed slot. The inverted-T opener (Cross-slot) moves soil vertically. Between gravity and the press/gauge wheel the slot is closed. Very dependable system.

27. Closing the slot is important and can be done with a number of after market add-ons. These generally result in additional soil disturbance but the slot is closed. In dry soil conditions additional tillage will further dry soils but when rain occurs the additional soil disturbance that occurs will be of little concern.Closing the slot is important and can be done with a number of after market add-ons. These generally result in additional soil disturbance but the slot is closed. In dry soil conditions additional tillage will further dry soils but when rain occurs the additional soil disturbance that occurs will be of little concern.

28. ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? Effect of Opener Disturbance Aneroid, Saskatewan Burndown Crop Plants per square meter Paper available just ask.Effect of Opener Disturbance Aneroid, Saskatewan Burndown Crop Plants per square meter Paper available just ask.

29. ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? Effect of Opener Disturbance Aneroid, Saskatewan Burndown First weed count weeds per square meter.Effect of Opener Disturbance Aneroid, Saskatewan Burndown First weed count weeds per square meter.

30. ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? Effect of Opener Disturbance Aneroid, Saskatewan Burndown Grain yield comparison to disc opener kg ha-1 With more weeds, and fewer crop plants established the end result is lower yields. Effect of Opener Disturbance Aneroid, Saskatewan Burndown Grain yield comparison to disc opener kg ha-1 With more weeds, and fewer crop plants established the end result is lower yields.

31. Tillage Alters Weed Ecology Buries Weed Seeds in Soil Survival Emergence Weed seed fate: insects, rodents, birds, other wildlife feed on weed seed. Example: weed seed make up a major portion of the bird�s diet. Just like crop seeds, weed seeds may germinate and die, decay, lay on the surface exposed to weather where they die or they may be buried in soil where they have a better chance of surviving until conditions become favorable for germination. Tillage Alters Weed Ecology Buries Weed Seeds in Soil Survival Emergence Weed seed fate: insects, rodents, birds, other wildlife feed on weed seed. Example: weed seed make up a major portion of the bird�s diet. Just like crop seeds, weed seeds may germinate and die, decay, lay on the surface exposed to weather where they die or they may be buried in soil where they have a better chance of surviving until conditions become favorable for germination.

32. ?????????????? � ???????????? ????????? ???????? Tillage � Green Foxtail Survival Till vs No-till 50% of the green foxtail seed was viable after one year in tilled soils vs. 18% in no-till conditions. After two years about 30% of the green foxtail seed was viable in the tilled soils vs. 5% in no-till conditions; and after three years seed surviving in till soils was about 17% vs. no-till which was less than 5%. Seed left on top, undisturbed provides an environment which is not conducive to maintaining seed viability. Tillage � Green Foxtail Survival Till vs No-till 50% of the green foxtail seed was viable after one year in tilled soils vs. 18% in no-till conditions. After two years about 30% of the green foxtail seed was viable in the tilled soils vs. 5% in no-till conditions; and after three years seed surviving in till soils was about 17% vs. no-till which was less than 5%. Seed left on top, undisturbed provides an environment which is not conducive to maintaining seed viability.

33. ??????????, ?????????? ?? ????????  Ecologyically-Based Rotations Green Foxtail Plants after 12 years Rotation NT Till WCMF 1 72 WCCF 4,790 4,192,000 A combination of no-tillage and an a diverse rotation were most effective in reducing green foxtail populations. Perennial weed control can not be controlled through rotations and reduced tillage and in fact perennial weed populations will increase with no-till. Ecologyically-Based Rotations Green Foxtail Plants after 12 years Rotation NT Till WCMF 1 72 WCCF 4,790 4,192,000 A combination of no-tillage and an a diverse rotation were most effective in reducing green foxtail populations. Perennial weed control can not be controlled through rotations and reduced tillage and in fact perennial weed populations will increase with no-till.

34. No-till provides producers more cropping options. The sunflower seen in the above two photos was solid seeded, seeded in narrow rows. Sunflower can be grown in areas that were thought to be to dry when conventional tillage was use. Spring wheat is seeded with a low-disturbance single disc opener in a one pass no-till operation into the previous year�s sunflower crop residue. No-till provides producers more cropping options. The sunflower seen in the above two photos was solid seeded, seeded in narrow rows. Sunflower can be grown in areas that were thought to be to dry when conventional tillage was use. Spring wheat is seeded with a low-disturbance single disc opener in a one pass no-till operation into the previous year�s sunflower crop residue.

35. At Manning, North Dakota Roundup was applied to an alfalfa/grass hay field preharvest to terminate this old nonproductive hay field. The hay was then swathed about 48 hours after the herbicide application, baled and removed and then Sudan-sorghum grass was seeded into the killed sod. The Sudan-sorghum grass was then swathed and then baled. The alfalfa/grass that came off the first crop produced 1.62 tons/acre while the second crop of Sudan-sorghum hay produced 2.74 tons/acre. Both crops were feed to beef cattle. Total feed produced was 4.36 tons/acre. Far more than the 1.62 tons that would have been normally produced by this producer. With no-till double cropping forages is possible in western North Dakota conditions.At Manning, North Dakota Roundup was applied to an alfalfa/grass hay field preharvest to terminate this old nonproductive hay field. The hay was then swathed about 48 hours after the herbicide application, baled and removed and then Sudan-sorghum grass was seeded into the killed sod. The Sudan-sorghum grass was then swathed and then baled. The alfalfa/grass that came off the first crop produced 1.62 tons/acre while the second crop of Sudan-sorghum hay produced 2.74 tons/acre. Both crops were feed to beef cattle. Total feed produced was 4.36 tons/acre. Far more than the 1.62 tons that would have been normally produced by this producer. With no-till double cropping forages is possible in western North Dakota conditions.

36. ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ?????????? no-till ??????????? ? ??????????????? ?????????????, ????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? no-till How do I start? Fields with adequately-spread crop residue or low-residue levels Use proper seeding equipment Rental or demonstration use before making major capital investment With elimination of tillage, know how to use herbicides that replace it Communication attend no-till meetings visit with university, government, and industry representatives visit with no-till farmers How do I start? Fields with adequately-spread crop residue or low-residue levels Use proper seeding equipment Rental or demonstration use before making major capital investment With elimination of tillage, know how to use herbicides that replace it Communication attend no-till meetings visit with university, government, and industry representatives visit with no-till farmers

37. ??????? ????????????? ??????????? No-Till www.nt-ca.org.ua ??? ?????????? No-till ??????? � 25, 26, 27 ???? ?????? � 9, 10, 11 July & 15, 16, 17 ???? ????????? � 24, 25, 26 ???? ????????????????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/ ????????????????? ????? ?. ???????? www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/ Resources Agro-Ecology Farm www.nt/ca.org.ua No-till Field Days Ukraine � 25, 26, 27 June Russia � 9, 10, 11 July & 15, 16, 17 July Kazakhstan � 24, 25, 26 July NDSU Extension Service www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/ Dickinson Research Extension Center www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/ Resources Agro-Ecology Farm www.nt/ca.org.ua No-till Field Days Ukraine � 25, 26, 27 June Russia � 9, 10, 11 July & 15, 16, 17 July Kazakhstan � 24, 25, 26 July NDSU Extension Service www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/ Dickinson Research Extension Center www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/dickinso/

38. It may be possible to do no-till without herbicides at least during a portion of the rotation. Cover crops can be gown and then rolled down with a crop roller. It may be possible to do no-till without herbicides at least during a portion of the rotation. Cover crops can be gown and then rolled down with a crop roller.

39. This is rye that has been rolled at flowering. This residue will help keep weeds down. This is rye that has been rolled at flowering. This residue will help keep weeds down.