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Thomas J. Simmons, University of Louisville Yvonne A. Niemann, Georgetown College

Reliability Analysis of Self –efficacy and Locus of Control for Students with M ild D isabilities. Thomas J. Simmons, University of Louisville Yvonne A. Niemann, Georgetown College Stephen K. Miller, Western Kentucky University. University of Louisville & Jefferson County Public Schools.

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Thomas J. Simmons, University of Louisville Yvonne A. Niemann, Georgetown College

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  1. Reliability Analysis of Self –efficacy and Locus of Control for Students with Mild Disabilities Thomas J. Simmons, University of Louisville Yvonne A. Niemann, Georgetown College Stephen K. Miller, Western Kentucky University

  2. University of Louisville & Jefferson County Public Schools • GOAL: Transition to employment, post-secondary education, and independent living

  3. POPULATION • 109 students (MMD, BD, & LD) • at risk of dropping out • free/reduced lunch status • six different high schools • all participated in STEP Intervention, • one to three years involvement • 50 answered a follow-up survey and had parent permission to be in this study

  4. Demographics Personal Identity Ethnicity: 38 White, 12 Black Gender: 26 Male, 24 Female Disability: MMD – 5 BD – 5 LD – 40

  5. PERSONALITY MEASURES • Self-efficacy Scales (General and Social) Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The Self-efficacy Scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663-671. • Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale Nowicki, S., Jr., & Strickland, B. R. (1973). A Locus of Control Scale for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 148-154.

  6. Effects of personality development are well documented on a variety of populations and content areas. • Findings of research typically not extended to special education students. • Special education students noted for lower self-efficacy and lessened locus of control. • YET--- • NO VALIDATION OR RELIABILITY FOUND FOR TWO TESTS USED

  7. MEDIATING FACTORS Self-efficacy Scale—General & Social …a belief that one’s actions will have an impact and will positively affect one’s future (Sherer, Maddux, Mercandante, Prentice-Dunn, Jacobs, & Rogers, 1982)

  8. RELIABILITY Self-efficacy—General Composite 3.49, Cronbach’s alpha .640 Adjusted by omitting Q. 12 and computing with 16 items instead of 17 for new alpha of .719 (p > .07 for exploratory research, Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994 )

  9. Table 1Descriptive Statistics and Reliability for Self-efficacy (General) Scale (N = 50)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Item MSD Min Max R α - d_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Q2 4.12 .983 1 5 4 .631Q3 3.26 1.337 1 5 4 .641Q4 4.24 .960 1 5 4 .607Q7 2.92 1.383 1 5 4 .632Q8 3.70 1.233 1 5 4 .603Q11 3.10 1.147 1 5 4 .638Q12 2.22 1.166 1 4 3 .719Q15 3.76 1.170 1 5 4 .596Q16 3.72 1.144 1 5 4 .617Q18 3.46 1.199 1 5 4 .627Q20 3.28 1.196 1 5 4 .605Q22 3.18 1.257 1 5 4 .625Q23 3.84 1.076 1 5 4 .590Q26 3.18 1.395 1 5 4 .602Q27 3.64 1.225 1 5 4 .661Q29 4.10 1.200 1 5 4 .599Q30 3.54 1.328 1 5 4 .607Composite 3.49 .464 1 4.94 3.94 .640a ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Note. Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum; R = Range; α - d = alpha with item deleted.avalue for composite for α - d is Cronbach’s coefficient alpha for overall scale.

  10. RELIABILITY Self-efficacy—Social Composite 3.48, Cronbach’s alpha .589 Adjusted by omitting Q. 14 and computing with 5 items instead of 6 for new alpha of .760

  11. Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Reliability for Self-efficacy (Social) Scale (N = 50)_____________________________________________________________________________ Item MSD Min Max R α - d_____________________________________________________________________________Q6 3.76 1.519 1 5 4 .372Q10 3.36 1.242 1 5 4 .364Q14 3.04 1.385 1 5 4 .589Q19 3.52 1.093 1 5 4 .384Q24 3.40 1.278 1 5 4 .425Q28 3.82 .983 1 5 4 .313Composite 3.48 .657 1 5 4 .461a_____________________________________________________________________________Note. Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum; R = Range; α - d = alpha with item deleted.aValue for composite α - d is Cronbach’s coefficient alpha for overall scale.

  12. MEDIATING FACTORS Locus of Control Scale …A belief that the power to effect change comes from within oneself Internal means the person believes s/he can control how issues affect them. External suggests belief that outside forces control one’s life. (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973)

  13. RELIABILITY Locus of Control Composite .39, Cronbach’s alpha .719 Adjusted by replacing missing items with means for each question 39% of students were “External”

  14. Table 3Descriptive Statistics and Reliability for Locus of Control Scale (N = 50) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Item MS Min Max R α - d________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Q1 .29 .452 0 1 1 .707Q2 .72 .454 0 1 1 .721Q3 .60 .484 0 1 1 .707Q4 .06 .240 0 1 1 .716Q5 .64 .485 0 1 1 .703Q6 .10 .303 0 1 1 .713Q7 .28 .454 0 1 1 .708Q8 .38 .476 0 1 1 .732Q9 .49 .500 0 1 1 .712Q10 .48 .494 0 1 1 .722Q11 .52 .484 0 1 1 .709Q12 .50 .505 0 1 1 .706Q13 .29 .452 0 1 1 .721_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (table continues)

  15. Table 3. (continued)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Item MSD Min Max R α - d________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Q14 .48 .494 0 1 1 .711Q15 .20 .404 0 1 1 .715Q16 .37 .482 0 1 1 .705Q17 .42 .499 0 1 1 .712Q18 .37 .482 0 1 1 .719Q19 .44 .491 0 1 1 .707Q20 .18 .388 0 1 1 .721Q21 .56 .501 0 1 1 .702Q22 .22 .419 0 1 1 .719Q23 .32 .457 0 1 1 .714Q24 .57 .495 0 1 1 .709Q25 .35 .476 0 1 1 .720Q26 .14 .350 0 1 1 .714 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (table continues)

  16. Table 3. (continued)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Item MSD Min Max R α - d________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Q27 .50 .495 0 1 1 .709Q28 .31 .461 0 1 1 .717Q29 .51 .500 0 1 1 .706Q30 .33 .469 0 1 1 .726Q31 .48 .594 0 1 1 .719Q32 .23 .417 0 1 1 .717Q33 .35 .476 0 1 1 .719Q34 .63 .479 0 1 1 .713Q35 .31 .460 0 1 1 .705Q36 .45 .497 0 1 1 .714Q37 .12 .328 0 1 1 .711Q38 .80 .404 0 1 1 .732Q39 .45 .487 0 1 1 .709_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (table continues)

  17. Table 3. (continued)_____________________________________________________________________________________________________Item M SD Min Max R α - d_____________________________________________________________________________________________________Q40 .11 .302 0 1 1 .717Composite .39 .464 0 1 1 .719a_____________________________________________________________________________________________________Note. Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum; R = Range; α - d = alpha with item deleted.avalue for composite for α - d is Cronbach’s coefficient alpha for overall scale.

  18. RESULTS • Self-efficacy (General & Social) Scales are not acceptable for use with students with mild disabilities without modification. • Locus of Control Scale was barely acceptable. • MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED to see if tests are adequate to use with this population. • MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED to use these measures with students with LD, BD, and MMD

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