The Fundamentals of Logistics 運籌術語 200

1. Te-Cheng Yu Dept. of Logistics Management, National Kaohsiung Marine University The Fundamentals of Logistics 運籌術語200 2007.10.09

2. Introduction • 「物以類聚，人以群分，近朱者赤，近墨者黑」！ • 醫生的朋友們，通常也都是醫生；TAXI司機的朋友，通常也都是 TAXI司機；億萬富翁他們的朋友通常也都是億萬富翁；當老闆的人，他們的朋友通常也是一位老闆；得 SARS的人，他的家人也會很快被傳染…. • 人跟人之間本來就會互相的影響，尤其是言語和思想的傳染力是極為驚人的 • 隔行如隔山, 主要是言語和思想的關係…. • 學習使用專業術語, 思維越細膩, 決策也更精明…

3. 3PL • 第三方物流 ( Third party logistics) • 截至目前為止，第三方物流(Third-Party logistics,3PL)沒有公認的定義，顯然是傳統運輸與倉儲的一個重要發展，也稱作委外物流(logistics outsourcing) 或是合約物流(contract logistics)。原則上，所謂第三方物流，是某「專門公司」提供另一家公司(如製造商)一項或多項的物流功能(如倉儲、對外運輸等)。 • 第三方物流來源自專業的物流服務提供者，此一角色乃發貨人《甲方》和收貨人《乙方》之間的第三方，第三方物流服務是物流服務提供者為托運人的整個物流流程提供服務，供求雙方可以在協作中建立交易關係、或長期合同關係，還可以有不同的選擇，諸如短期合同，部份整合，或合資經營。

4. 3PL • Third party logistics service provider • 第三方物流服務提供者（第三方物流公司） • 提供物流交易雙方局部或全部物流功能的外部服務提供者，也是物流專業化發展的形式之一。 • 主要服務對象是消費者 • 主要依靠對象是電子商務 • 主要特徵：長期性的關係、合夥的關係，協作解決具體的不同問題和公平分享利益以及共同分擔風險的關係。

5. 3PL • Third party logistics service provider • A firm that provides outsourced logistics services to companies for part or sometimes all of their supply chain management function. • Third party logistics providers typically specialize in integrated warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to customer’s needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service requirements for their products and materials.

6. 4C • （Computer, Communication, Consumer electronics, and Contents） • 四C時代/聯強的4C產品 • （電腦、通訊、消費性電子與電子元組件）

7. 5S • Seiri, Seiton, Seisou, Seiketsu, and Shitsuke等 5個日語發音符號的縮寫, 成為一種基本的現場管理模式 • Seiri(整理)：區分要用與不要用的物品，不要用的物品清理掉） • Seiton（整頓)：將要用的物品定位、定量放置整齊，並明確標示） • Seisou（清掃)：清理職場內的髒污，並防止污染的發生） • Seiketsu（清潔)：將整理、整頓與清掃的做法予以制度化、規範化，貫徹執行並維持成果） • Shitsuke（身美/教養)：由內心發出的遵守紀律習慣，並以正確方法去執行）

8. 7 Rs of Logistics 七項正確顧客服務要項 • the right product, to the right customer, in the right quantity, in the right condition, at the right place, at the right time, and with the right cost • 正確的產品、顧客、數量、條件、地點、時間與成本

9. 7Rs of Logistics • Right Product(正確的產品) • A result of labor, or of a natural or industrial process • Right Customer (正確的顧客) • A person, department or organization inside or outside the concern to which goods and/or services are supplied • Right Quantity (正確的數量) • a kind of property which exists as magnitude or multitude • Right Condition (正確的條件) • A state of being; a proposition upon which another proposition depends, such as "if-then" statements. • Right Place (正確的地點) • 地點/通路 • Right Time (正確的時間) • part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence • Right Cost (正確的成本) • The value of money that has been used up to produce something, and hence is not available for use anymore

10. ABC analysis • (ABC分析)存貨價值控制 • The analysis of a group of products in order to arrive at an ABC classification • 產品群的分析方法, 將這群產品做出ABC分類

11. Added value • 附加價值; • The value comprised in products, as the result of a particular physical process (e.g. production process, storage, transport) • 特定物理流程的結果，包括產品或服務的價值。所謂物理流程，包括製程、儲存、運輸等。

12. Assembly • 裝配 • The stage of production in which components are assembled into an end product appropriate to the process concerned. • 配件組合成為最終產品的階段。

13. Assets • 資產 • The economic entities that give rise to future economic benefit and is controlled by the entity as a result of past transaction or other events. • It is probable that the future economic benefit will eventuate and the amount of asset can be measured with reliability from source document which makes it representationally faithful. Examples include cash, equipment, buildings, and land. （Wikipedia）

14. Assets (資產) • 會計學上對資產的定義：資產是該事物存在未來的經濟價值。「未來的經濟價值」是指，特定企業（或組織）若擁有該事物（資產），則可以利用其來產生（增加）企業未來的現金流入，或利用其替代（減少）企業未來發生的現金流出。美國日裔羅伯特·清崎(Robert Toru Kiyosaki)對資產的定義是：當持有一項物品，這物品會自動使現金流向你的口袋，就是資產。

15. Balancing • 平衡 • Comparing activities and/or plans and fitting them in with each order. • 活動或/與計畫之比較, 並使彼此之間相對稱。 • 最常用於生產線之平衡與策略平衡。

16. Bar code • 條碼; • An array of rectangular marks and spaces in a predetermined pattern which can be read by machines. • 將寬度不等的多個黑條和空白，按照一定的編碼規則排列，用以表達一組信息的圖形標識符。 • 常見的條碼是由反射率相差很大的黑條（簡稱條）和白條（簡稱空）排成的平行線圖案。條碼可以標出物品的生產國、製造廠家、商品名稱、生產日期、圖書分類號、郵件起止地點、類別、日期等信息，因而在商品流通、圖書管理、郵電管理、銀行系統等許多領域都得到了廣泛的應用。

17. Batch • 批; • A collection of products or objects which is treated as one entity with respect to certain operations e.g. handling, processing, purchasing, production, transport. • 許多產品或物體的集合, 以作為特定操作或處理的實體, 包括物料經辦, 製程, 採購, 生產, 運輸等等

18. Bill of labor (BOL) • 人力表; • A statement of the key resources required to manufacture one unit of a selected item. Often used to predict the impact of the item scheduled in the master production schedule (MPS) or final assembly schedule (FAS) on these resources. • 製造一個單位的選定項目所需的關鍵資源(人力), 條列成清單之呈現方式; 通常被用以預測MPS 或FAS中特定項目之安排對此一關鍵資源的影響

19. Bill of materials (BOM) • 材料表; • A listing of all the assemblies, components, and raw materials that go into a parent assembly showing the quantity of each required to make an assembly. （1）物料清單是研發成果的記錄，是ERP系統的核心基礎數據； （2）物料清單是產品的物料構成清單，反映了產品由原材料到半成品、再到成品的加工裝配過程。 （3）物料清單是公司計劃、採購、生產、商務、成本核算及技術管理的重要基礎數據。物料清單是否準確、是否及時齊套，直接影響到市場、商務、計劃、生產等相關業務的運作。 （4）物料清單的層次結構決定產品的生產、調測等物流方式。

20. Brand • 品牌; • A name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them, which is intended to identify the goods or services of one supplier (seller) or group of suppliers (sellers) and to differentiate them from those of competitors.

21. Brand (品牌) • 品牌是產品或服務的象徵，包括名稱、徽標、口號和／或關聯產品或服務的設計企劃（cf.商標：符號性的識別標記稱為商標）。 • 品牌所涵蓋的領域，則必須包括商譽、產品、企業文化以及整體營運的管理。因此，BRAND不是單薄的象徵，乃是一個企業總體競爭，或企業競爭力的總和。品牌不單包括「名稱」、「徽標」還擴及系列的平面視覺體系，甚至立體視覺體系。但一般常將其窄化為在人的意識中圍繞在產品或服務的系列意識與預期，成為一種抽象的形象標誌。甚至將品牌與特定商標劃上等號。 • 人們從品牌的經驗因素上辨別一個品牌的心理因素。經驗因素通常由品牌的使用經驗構成，心理因素則由品牌的形象，即由與產品或服務相關聯的一切信息和預期所創建的符號性的標識。

22. Budget • 預算/財政預算案; • A task, norm or limit related to volume (quantities), costs, investments and financial results, derived from the plans and approved by an authority. • 預算是一個組織財政管理的工具，也是一份財務管理文件，其內容預先列出該組織在指定期間活動的收入及支出預算。 • 預算是一份用貨幣數字量化表達的文件，它相對於財務報表及財務分析文件，它們有先後之間的互聯關係。 • 預算的出現，可以加強該組織財政管理的監察能力，及提高透明度。

23. Business logistics • 商業運籌 • The managing of supply sources, inventories, transportation, distribution networks, and related activities and supporting information to meet customer requirements. 供應來源/存貨/運輸/配銷網路與相關活動與資訊之管理, 並支援資訊以符合顧客要求 • There are two types of business logistics: inbound logistics and outbound logistics.

24. Business plan • 企業高階經營計畫 • A high level long-term plan as a result of a business planning. • 企業管理當局進行長期規劃的結果

25. Business process reengineering (BPR) • 企業流程改造 • BPR is a management approach aiming at improvements by means of elevating efficiency and effectiveness of the processes that exist within and across organizations. The key to BPR is for organizations to look at their business processes from a "clean slate" perspective and determine how they can best construct these processes to improve how they conduct business. Business process reengineering is also known as BPR, Business Process Redesign, Business Transformation, or Business Process Change Management.

26. Business process reengineering (BPR) • 企業對其所從事的最關鍵與最基本的管理工作及作業程序進行重新設計和構建的過程，這個再造過程通常是為了使企業在成本、品質和服務等方面的績效取得大幅度改進。企業流程再造通過四個方面實施:價值鏈改造、管理結構與企業文化改造、基礎技術設施改造和社會關係改造。企業流程再造可為企業資源規劃（簡稱ERP）提供戰略性指導方向。

27. Business to Business（B2B） • 企業對企業之電子商務 • a marketing strategy which involves the transaction of goods or services between businesses (as opposed to relations between businesses and other groups, for example consumers or public administration). • 企業間有關商品或服務交易之行銷策略，用以對抗其他企業間或企業與其他關係人間的關係。

28. Business to Customer（B2C） • 企業對消費者之(電子)商務 • B2C describes activities of commercial organizations serving the end consumer with products and/or services. It is usually applied exclusively to electronic commerce. 商業組織透過產品與服務的提供以服務最終消費者之活動，通常應用包括電子商務在內的方法。

29. Business unit (BU) • 事業單位； • The part of an organization which is responsible for the drawing up and execution of business plans for a (homogeneous) product/market combination. • 組織的一部份，負責擬定並執行有關產品/市場組合的企業計畫

30. Business • 企業經營 • In economics, business is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit. • 就經濟的觀點，企業經營是一門社會科學，管理一群人，透過規劃、組織、領導與控制，提高集體的生產力，並以營利為目標之社會科學。

31. Calculation • 運算/計算 • A deliberate process for transforming one or more inputs into one or more results. The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definite arithmetical calculation using an algorithm to the vague heuristics of calculating a strategy in a competition or calculating the chance of a successful relationship between two people.（Wikipedia） • 計算是一種將「單一或複數之輸入值」轉換為「單一或複數之結果」的一種思考過程。計算的定義有許多種使用方式，有相當精確的定義，例如使用各種演算法進行的「算術」，也有較為抽象的定義，例如在一場競爭中「策略的計算」或是「計算」兩人之間關係的成功機率。

32. Capability • 能力 • The ability to perform actions. In human terms capability is the sum of expertise and capacity.（Wikipedia） • 完成行動的能力，包括專門技術與產能。

33. Capacity • 產能/容量 • An aggregated volume of workload (general). 工作總量 • The ability (rated per time unit) of a resource, organizational unit, production, transport or other facility or employee to perform under normal conditions for a specified time.某一種資源、組織單位、生產線、運輸、其他設施或員工，在正常情況下，特定期間所能完成的工作總量或能量 • The quantity of goods which can be stored in or loaded into a warehouse, store and/or loaded into a means of transport at a particular time. 在正常情況下，特定期間內，一間倉庫、商店或運輸工具所能儲放或裝載商品的數量。

34. Cargo • 運送中的貨物 • A term used to denote goods or produce being transported generally for commercial gain, usually on a ship, plane, train, van or truck. • 此一名辭習慣被用以代表運送中的商品或產品，通常是在商船、飛機、火車、有蓋小貨車或卡車上。 • Nowadays containers are used in all intermodal long-haul cargo transport.

35. Cash flow • 金流 • The difference between receipts and expenditure realized within a certain period or with regard to a certain project. (With regard to financial planning and project evaluation) • 特定期間內之實際收支的差距(特定專案 或財務規劃/專案評估有關) • The total of profit after tax and depreciations. ( For the purpose of investment analysis). • 扣除折舊之稅後盈餘的總和(投資分析)

36. Cash flow • 現金流 • 羅伯特·清崎(Robert Toru Kiyosaki)提出的現金流象限，他把收入分為4類： （1）Employee(受雇者、僱員)：為他人工作而賺取的薪金； （2）Self-employee(自雇者、自由職業者、小企業主)：為自己工作而賺取的錢； （3）Businessman(企業所有人)：擁有一個能夠良好運轉的企業系統，讓別人為他們工作，收入來源是企業的收益； （4）Investor(投資者)：讓錢為他們工作，收入來源是各種投資，用錢來產生出更多的錢。

37. Change-over • 換模 • The performance of all the operations necessary to make a production resource suitable for processing another product and/or performing another machining process. • 爲了使生產資源適合處理另一種產品或機器流程之所有必要操作的過程 • Change-over time (換模時間) • The time required to change a work station from a state of readiness for one operation to a state of readiness for another. • Quick Change-over (快速換模)

38. Channel • 通路 • The path between two endpoints; The distribution "channel" for selling and delivering a product or service to a company's customers; A chain of intermediaries, each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer or end-user. • 一般通路是指兩個端點之間的途徑；而配銷通路是從公司銷售與運送產品或服務到顧客之途徑；有時候通路是指傳送產品至下一個組織之中間媒介鏈。負責通路的工作內容主要是瞭解整體通路，包括分析與發展。通路別之品牌策略是讓行銷策略可以充份實現在賣場。通路策略包括了鋪貨、陳列、價格及促銷等4個構面。隨著國際運籌在台灣之發展與擴大,逐漸形成所謂通路理論，在日用消費性用品市場，許多大型製造商正逐漸發展成為通路公司。在公司內部之通路單位，主要負責轉換品牌策略成不同型態的配銷途徑。

39. Check • 檢查 • The comparison (at regular time) of outcomes, results or completed activities with plans or standards in order to be able to take any corrective measures required. • 結果與計畫或標準之比較(一定時間)

40. Common culture • 普世文化 • (Culture from the Latincultura stemming from colere, meaning “to cultivate,”) • generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance.（Wikipedia） • 文化是指人類所創造的精神財富，如文學、藝術、教育、科學等。在考古學上則指同一歷史時期的遺跡、遺物的綜合體。同樣的工具、用具、製造技術等是同一種文化的特徵（維基百科）。生活方式或行為習慣（OB）。

41. Component • 零件/組成份; • A single or assembled product which is used in a higher level assembled product. • 作為更高階產品組裝的單一或組裝產品

42. Computer • 電腦 • A machine for manipulating data according to a list of instructions. Computers take numerous physical forms. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.Today, computers can be made small enough to fit into a wrist watch and be powered from a watch battery. （Wikipedia）

43. Computer (電腦) • 電腦一種根據一系列指令來對數據進行處理的機器。所相關的技術研究叫電腦科學，由數據為核心的研究稱資訊科技。 • 電腦在組成上形式不一。早期電腦的體積足有一間房屋大小，而今天某些嵌入式電腦可能比一副撲克牌還小。當然，即使在今天，依然有大量體積龐大的巨型電腦為特別的科學計算或面向大型組織的事務處理需求服務。比較小的，為個人應用而設計的電腦稱為微型電腦，簡稱微機。我們今天在日常使用「電腦」一詞時通常也是指此。 • 現在電腦最為普遍的應用形式卻是嵌入式的。嵌入式電腦通常相對簡單，體積小，並被用來控制其它設備—無論是飛機，工業機器人還是數位相機。

44. Condition • 條件 • A state of being. 一種狀態 • A proposition upon which another proposition depends, such as "if-then" statements. 一種假定成立之另一種假定，例如「如果-則」之陳述（Wikipedia）

45. Consumption • 消費 • The final use of goods and services to provide utility.（Wikipedia） • 在經濟生活中對商品和服務的獲取和使用。

46. Containerization • 貨櫃化 • a system of intermodal freight transportcargotransport using standard ISO containers (known as Shipping Containers or Isotainers) that can be loaded and sealed intact onto container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks. • Containerization is also the term given to the process of determining the best carton, box or pallet to be used to ship a single item or number of items.

47. Contingency plan • 權變計畫 • A plan devised for a specific situation when things could go wrong. Contingency plans are often devised by governments or businesses who want to be prepared for anything that could happen. They are sometimes known as "Back-up plans", "Worst-case scenario plans" or "Plan B". • During times of crisis, contingency plans are often developed to explore and prepare for any eventuality. • Today there are still contingency plans in place to deal with terrorist attacks or other catastrophes. （Wikipedia）

48. Control • 控制 • The registration and check on data and activities, initiating or taking actions based on the setting up and supervising procedures and changes relating to procedures; The taking of decisions, initiating actions and causing activities to be carried out for the purpose of ensuring that particular processes run as optimally as possible, in such a way that the fixed objectives are achieved as well as possible.

49. Cost • 成本 • The value of money that has been used up to produce something, and hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the cost may be one of acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it is counted as cost. In this case, money is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing. （Wikipedia）; • The expenditure (actual or notional) incurred on or attributable to a given thing.

50. Cost • In economics, business, and accounting, a cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something, and hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the cost may be one of acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it is counted as cost. In this case, money is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing. This acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of production as incurred by the original producer, and further costs of transaction as incurred by the acquirer over and above the price paid to the producer. Usually, the price also includes a mark-up for profit over the cost of production. (Wikipedia )