The Crusades in Medieval Europe

1. The Crusades in Medieval Europe For nearly 200 years, the Christians fought a series of religious wars known as the Crusades.

2. Before the Crusades • Muslims allowed Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem because it brought new sources of revenue. • Christian pilgrimages were a way of being forgiven for your sins. • Violence is ripping apart Europe as Nobles are fighting among themselves. • Famine beginning to spread across the Continent as mini ice age slows crop production

3. Seljuk Turks • Suddenly, in 1071 AD, a group of Muslims called Seljuk Turks, stopped allowing Christian visitors to come into Jerusalem. • Persecuted Christians who were there. • Violence escalates and 3000 Christians are massacred

4. A letter that started a war! • With the massacre Byzantine Emperor Alexis sends a letter to Pope Urban II asking for help… he will regret this later. Don’t Worry. I will send and army Help us Urban – you are our only hope

5. Council of Clermont • 1095 Pope made a speech in France urging the Western Christendom to rescue the Holy Land and the Christians in the East from the Turks. • Pope Urban’s speech at the Council of Clermont was very inspiring and persuasive as tens of thousands enthusiastically took up the cross and departed to the Holy Land in 1096. • He promised that God would grant them a full remission of their sins if they died while on crusade. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II

6. Speech that started the war! • “You common people who have been miserable sinners, become soldiers of Christ! You nobles, do not [quarrel] with one another. Use your arms in a just war! Labor for everlasting reward.” http://history.howstuffworks.com/middle-ages/crusades2.htm

7. Seljuk Turks invade Jerusalem • Regain Control of the “Holy Land” • Turks Kill 3000 Christians • Causes of the Crusades • European nobles fighting among themselves • Merchants & Pope want Trade Routes

8. The First Crusade - 1096 - 1099  • An attempt to re-capture Jerusalem. • Unskilled peasants and knights • Unprepared for trip & fighting due to climate, lack of supplies, and no leader. • Success: Siege of Jerusalem = 1099, Victory for Crusaders A Crusader knight • http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/first_crusade.htm

9. The Second Crusade -1147-1149 • Muslims began retaking lands • 1144, Took city of Edessa, European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147 • Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims The council at Jerusalemdecides to attack Damascus http://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/2nd/

10. Third Crusade - 1189 - 1192 • 1177, Saladin arose as Leader in Muslim world, took title of sultan • Retook Crusader states, drove Christians out of Jerusalem Three Kings • Richard, Philip, Frederick set out on Third Crusade • Frederick (H.R.E.)Drowned, Philip (Fr) quarreled with Richard (Eng), returned home • Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land http://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/3rd/05.shtml

11. 3rd Crusade – Mutual Respect • Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen • Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences Fierce Fighting • Richard was unable to drive Muslims from Holy Land • Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England

12. Fourth Crusade -1202-1204 • Innocent III, called French Knights for a 4th Crusade • Plan was to sail to Jerusalem from Venice, Italy • The Venetians agreed to furnish necessary ships only if Crusaders first seized Zara, a Christian city. • Pope angered that Christian city attacked, excommunicated all • The Venetians then persuaded the Crusaders to attack Christian city of Constantinople • Failure of 4th Crusade • Disorganization, • lack of leadership • Going against Pope http://holtcrusades.wikispaces.com/GimbelWakefield

13. Later Crusades • Five other Crusades followed, none successful • Children's Crusade: 1212 • factual and mythical period including a French or German boy, an intention to peacefully convert Muslims in the Holy Land to Christianity Fifth Crusade 1217–1221 • A/H Army, Surrender Quickly • Sixth Crusade 1228–1229 • Emp. Fredrick II, Excomm Greg IX • Diplomatic Success • Seventh Crusade 1248–1254 • Louis IX of France, Failed • Eighth Crusade 1270 • Louis IX, Died, Canonized • Ninth Crusade 1271–1272 • Edward I of England http://bossieraim.wikispaces.com/Children%27s+Crusade

14. Effects from Crusades • Economic Changes • Crusades enhanced existing trade; Europe & Middle East • Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe • Political Changes • Crusades led to deaths of knights & nobles • Lands vulnerable • Ambitious nobles took unoccupied lands • Nobles & Kings increase power, influence in Europe • Social Changes • Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, • persecuted Jews • Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders • Relations strained http://www.bluenc.com/robin-hayes-says-we-will-win-in-iraq-by-spreading-the-message-of-jesus-christ-there

15. Works Cited • Images are cited on each slide. • http://www.historyofjihad.org/crusades.html • http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/the-crusades.htm • http://www.medievalcrusades.com/ • http://history-world.org/crusades.htm