Final Regents Review: The Middle Ages

1. Final Regents Review: The Middle Ages

2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

3. Officially in 476 No Roman Government No protection from invading Barbarians Results: Collapse of trade and towns Loss of literacy Roman Empire Collapses

4. Geographically Not much different than that of the old Roman Empire at is greatest extent Only thing different is the capital moves from Rome to Constantinople Peninsula – surrounded almost totally by water Controlled shipping between Black and Mediterranean Seas Natural Harbors, Natural Crossroad for trade Wealthiest part of Roman Empire Byzantine Empire

5. Eastern Roman Emperor (527) Most important contribution: Codification of Roman Law (Code of Justinian) The Body of Civil Law Law code is used in West and becomes basis for the European legal system Justinian

6. Justinian & Theodoracampus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/Theodora.gif • Wife of Justinian • Served as major adviser to husband • Other Plans: • Mobile Military • New Military strategies and tactics • Mix Greek culture and Roman Law

7. Five churches: Antioch, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Rome Ideas that caused Problems: Authority: Pope (Bishop of Rome) claims authority over every church Language of services: West (Latin), East (Vernacular – language of the region) Use of Icons (symbols representing religious figures): West – Uses Icon, East: no Icons Church Problems

8. Break in the Christian Church1054 Eastern Orthodox Church Roman Catholic Church www.religiousmall.com/rq_/pr_images/classic/02451. jpg.html&id=religionfacts&domainid=2033 biblicalstudies.qldwide.net.au/roman_church_and_symbols.jpg

9. Roman Catholic Pope Services in Latin Uses icons Crosses themselves from left to right Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Services in the vernacular Little use of icon Cross themselves from right to left Differences

10. Frankish Leaders pascale.olivaux.free.fr/Histoire/Photos/Clovis.jpg • Clovis • First of Frankish leaders to convert to Christianity • Pepin II • Rules from 687-714 • Continues to unite Frankish kingdom

11. Frankish Leaderswww.omdurman.org/martel.jpg • Charles Martel • Defeated Tariq and the Moors (Spanish Muslims) at the Battle of Tours in 732 • Stops Islam invasion into Europe • Who was the Greatest of all Frankish Rulers?

12. Charlemagne: 768 to 814 • Rules from 768-814 • Greatest of all Frankish rulers • Builds tremendous empire • Spends most of life at war • Declared “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope, December 25, 800

13. Man: Athletic, well-spoken, charismatic, married 4 times Administrator: Delegated authority to nobles, Kept local laws in areas conquered, districts, Missi Dominici (Messengers of lord king) Conqueror: aggressive Warrior, Strengthens Frankish Military Patron of Learning: Revived classical studies, Preserved Latin Culture, Monastic and Palace schools Charlemagne

14. United most of Western Europe for first time since fall of Roman Empire Set up an efficient government Emphasized education Importance of Charlemagne

15. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843 • What become of Charlemagne’s Empire? • Charles the Bald > France • Louis the German > Germany • Lothair > Rhineland (Alsace-Lorraine) – Germany and France will go to war over area many times

16. Vikings – from Northern Europe and Scandinavia also called Norsemen Most fishermen/farmers Very skilled in navigation Led numerous raids into England, France, Kiev, and Constantinople Used swords, spears, axes, and shields in battle Sold captives into slavery Magyars - invaded from the east - fierce warriors, fought on horseback - nomadic, at first - raids eventually crushed Muslims - Invaded from Northern Africa - Tried to take Spain - Changed tactics from large invasions to small raids - Raided Rome and stopped trade with Byzantine Empire - Forced Popes to turn to Franks (France) for help New Barbaric Invaders

17. Reasons 1. Europeans find new and quicker ways to respond to guerilla attacks 2. Vikings (all invaders) gradually accept Christianity 3. Warmer climate allowed barbarians to stay home (Scandanavia/Greenland) Invasions Cease around 1000

18. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. Medieval life is built around war and military service

19. Feudal Contract • Based on relationship between the lord and the vassal • Public ceremony

20. Lords Mostly Nobles Ruled and protected people Controlled land Had own coinage Collected taxes Subordinates had to provide military system Built and lived in fortresses (castles) Played war games as well as fought battles Vassals Served higher lord in exchange for land and protection Raised own army Made payments (taxes) to lords Daughter’s marriage Ransoms Sons knighted Lords & Vassals

21. Castles • Lived in by nobles • Stone walls w/ lookouts • Moats • Drawbridges and iron gates • Self sufficient

22. Role of Womenhumanities.ucsd.edu/courses/images/Image2Hum3.jpg • Kept house • Had and raised babies • Made cloth • Defense of the home

23. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

24. Knightspapayne.rootsweb.com/knight-2.jpeg • Followed CODE OF CHIVILRY • Honor the following: • Heavenly lord • Earthly lord • Chosen lady • Progression of Knighthood • Age 7- trained as page • Age 15 – trained as squire • Dubbed as knight when ready to be a worthy fighter

25. Code of Honor, Ethics, and Behavior for Knights Defend Church and defenseless Treat captives as honored guests Fight only for Glory (not reward) Why has the proper treatment of women been seen as chivalrous? Chivalry

26. 1066 – Norman Conquest William of Normandy defeats King Harold of England William Crowned king: Merges French and English culture, takes first census, Doomsday Book, (included people, manors, and farm animals) Battle of Hastings

27. Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.

28. Magna Carta, 1215 • King John I • Runnymeade • “Great Charter” • monarchs were not above the law. • kings had to consult a council of advisors. • kings could not tax arbitrarily.

29. The Beginnings of the British Parliament • Great Council: • middle class merchants, townspeople were added at the end of the 13c. • eventually called Parliament. • by 1400, two chambers evolved: • House of Lords  nobles & clergy. • House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

30. Medieval Universities

31. First university located in Balogna, Italy Women were unable to attend first universities Other universities: Paris, Oxford Approximately 80 universities by 1500 Rise of Universities

32. Grammar, math, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy Used Lecture (“to read”) method of teaching…Why? No exams after a series of lectures Application for degree = oral exam by committee of teachers (4 or 6 years of study) 1st Degree = Bachelors, 2nd Degree = Masters Could then study: law, medicine, or theology (study of religion and God) = may take 10 years or more to earn a doctorate What do universities teach?

33. Withdraw from society and temptations Serve God through fasting, prayer, and self- denial Inflicted suffering on themselves to gain closer relationship with God Life as a Monk

34. Influential Monks • St. Benedict • Benedictine Rules of monastic behavior • Vows of Poverty and Obedience • Time and labor went to monastery • St. Patrick • Brought Christianity to Ireland • St. Augustine • Brought Christianity to England

35. A Medieval Monk’s Day

36. Canon Law – law of the Catholic Church Excommunication – expel from the church Interdict – Stop administrating of sacraments in a whole region Heretics / Heresy – people who have false teaching of the church Political Definitions of the Church

37. Will last hundreds of years Very little accomplished because: Weakened by internal division Rise of other European powers Ambitions of local nobles Power of Holy Roman Emperor declines to mere figurehead Creates a close and lasting tie between Germany and Italy Holy Roman Empire

38. Lay investiture – church offices being given to non-clergy Simony – buying of church offices by nobles Role of church in everyday affairs of the people Forcing Catholicism on non-Catholics Problems of the Church

39. Henry IVwww.kidprintables.com/coloring/fantasy/crown.gif • Gains throne in 1056 at age of 6 • Youth seen as weakness – German nobles as well as Pope sees opportunity to regain control • Conflict breaks out over…………

40. Cistercians: formed in 1098, by unhappy Benedictine monks: strict, simple diet, single robe, took religion outside monastery Franciscans: founded by Saint Francis of Assisi: vow of poverty, preached repentance, simple life, lived in the world Dominicans: founded by Dominic de Guzman; defend Church from heresy, need for spiritual revival, vows of poverty New Religious Orders

41. Practice of giving of church offices by kings and nobles Conflict breaks out over issue Pope Gregory VII releases Germans from their allegiance to Henry IV Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry Henry fearing rebellion ask Gregory for mercy Goes to Pope’s winter home in Canossa Gregory makes him wait in freezing cold – forgives him Lay Investiture

42. Takes place in 1122 Issue of Lay Investiture answered Limits power of Emperor – could appoint Bishop for fiefs Pope had to appoint Bishops with spiritual power Concordat of Worms

43. The Inquisition Holy Office Find and try heretics Often used Dominicans as examiners If found guilty: Forced to perform public penance acts Subject to punishments (flogging) No confession = execution How do we deal with heretics?

44. The Power of the Medieval Church • Control 1/3 of the land. • Limit feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat. • curb heresies (speaking out against church)  crusades; Inquisition • tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. • Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

45. Purpose: Liberate Holy Land from the infidels (non-believers), the Muslims 1096 - Pope Urban II calls on Christians to start Crusades First Crusades: French warriors push east; take Holy City from Muslims in 1099, citizens massacred in process Second Crusade: 1140’s, Muslims taking power back – French and German leaders try to push out Muslims (Absolute failure); Christian Crusades

46. Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Richard the Lionhearted (England), Phillip II Augustus (France) 1187 – Muslim leader Saladin, a Muslim, takes Jerusalem 1189: Problems encountered: Barbarossa drowns while swimming France and England successful at sea, but failed as they moved inland Phillip retreats home, Richard I signs truce with Saladin Christians can still go to Jerusalem Leaders during Third Crusade

47. Pope Innocent III – calls for 4th Crusade Constantinople taken in 1204 by Crusaders, eventually lost in 1261 when Byzantine Empire is revived Other Crusades follow, including a Children’s Crusade; 1,000,000 + dead Late Crusades

48. Christian Crusades: East and West

49. Trade increased because of the need for weapons, food, and other supplies Muslim Culture and faith spreads Kings gain power (so they can prevent rebellions and other problems) Jews are persecuted Effects of Crusades

50. Population increases  Food Production Increases Why did food production rise? Climate change Land could be cultivated Technological innovations were made Carruca (plow) Shift from two-field to three-field system: only 1/3 of land lay fallow instead of 1/2 Manorial System Agricultural estate ran by a lord ond worked by peasants/serfs Agricultural Changes