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ROME. MEMBERS: Isabella Flores Johan Sierra CLASS: Social Studies. Rome´s Geography and Early Settlement. The first settlers on Rome´s seven hills were not thinking about building a great empire .
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MEMBERS: Isabella Flores Johan Sierra • CLASS: Social Studies
Rome´sGeography and EarlySettlement • ThefirstsettlersonRome´ssevenhillswerenotthinkingaboutbuilding a greatempire. • Theychosetherebecauseitseemed to be a good place to live, hillshelped to defend, soilwasfertile, and ithad a river. THE ETRUSCANS • 600 B.C. thispeopleappeared and heldpower in Rome.
Theydidn´twant to have more kings, so theywanted a governmentthatdidnot relyononeruler. In a republic, citizenswhohavetheright to vote selecttheirleaders.
THE ROMAN SENATE • Themostpowerfulpart of thegovernmentwasthesenate, thiswasthebranchthatproposes and votes on new laws. At first, thesenatewasmade up of only of 300 upper-classmencalledpatricians. A patricianwas a member of a wealthyfamily. • Ordinarycitizenswereknown as plebeians. Theycouldn´thold office or be senators.
Twochiefofficialscalled consulsled thegovernment. Theconsulswereelectedby theassembly of citizens. They ruledforoneyearonly. If onlyoneconsulsaid “veto” (“I Forbid”), thematterwas dropped. A Veto isthe rejectionof anyplannedaction bya person in power.
Dictatorswereromanofficialwhohadallthepowers of a kingbutcouldhold office foronlysixmonths. OTHER IMPORTANT OFFICIALS Praetors(PREE turz) wereotherimportantofficials. Theyfunctioned as junior consuls, and judges in civil-lawtrials.
DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC • Rome was in troubleby 120 B.C. someleaderstried to break up estates and giveland to theplebeians, thepatriciansfought back and plebeianleadersweremurdered. • Julius Caesarrise, he was a smart leader he eagerforpowerfrom 58 to 51 B.C., He becamedictator in 48 B.C. 4 yearslaterwarcontinued. • Onmarch 15, 44 B.C., caesarhadplans to attend a meeting of thesenate, hiswifetellednot to gobecauseshesenseddanger, he didn´tobey, at the meeting a group of senatorsgatheredaroundcaesar, theypulledoutsomeknives and killedhim.
RULING AN EMPIRE • Augustuswasanintelligentruler. When he was strugglingforpower, he oftenignoredthesenate ansitslaws. After he own control, he changedhis manner, he showedrespect and he wascareful to avoidactinglike a king, he didn´twantedto sufferthesame as Julius Caesar.
Thefive “GoodEmperors” • Two of theworstwereCaligula and Nero, bothmayhavebeeninsane. • Caligulaproclaimedhimself a god and was cruel, unfairruler. • Nero murderedhishalf-brother, hismother, and hiswife. • In fact, Caligula and Nero were so despisedtheRomanslatertried to forgetthembyremovingmention of theirreignsfromofficial records.
Thegreatest of thefivewasHadrian, he workedhard to build a goodgovernment, hislawsprotectedwomen, children, and slaves. He issued a code of laws so thatalllawswerethesamethroughouttheempire. • Thelast of the “GoodEmperors”, Marcus Aurelius, chosehis son Commodus to followhim. Commoduswas a terrible leader whoruledwithgreatbrutality.
TheGreekInfluenceon Rome • TheRomansadmiredGreekachievements. RELIGION • GreekreligioninfluencedRomanreligion. LiketheGreeks, Romanspracticedpolytheism-thebelief in more thanonegod-and offeredprayers and sacrifices to theirgods. BUILDING ON IDEAS • Thegreekswereinterested in ideas, theysought to learntruthsabouttheworldthroughreason. Theydevelopedstudiessuch as mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy, orthestudy of thestars and planets.
Architecture and Technology • Romanstatues and buildingswereheavier and stronger in stylethanthose of theGreeks. Romansmadeadvances in the use of thearch-a curvedstructureused as a supportoveran open space, as in a doorway. RoadsanAqueducts. Theybuiltroadsfrom Rome to everypart of theempire. Theywerefamousfortheiraqueducts, structuresthatcarriedwateroverlongdistances. Thecolosseum. PossiblythegreatestRomanbuildingwastheColosseum, thesite of contests and combatsbetweenpeople and betweenpeople and animals.
RomanLaw • Thelaws spread throughout theempire. • ThegreatRomanCiceroexpressed Romanfeelingaboutlawwhen he said, “Whatsort of thingisthelaw? Itisthekindthecannot be bentbyinfluence, orbrokenbypower, orspoiledbymoney.”
TherulerJustiniancreated a code of justicefromRomanlaw. Itincludedthislaws: • “No onesuffers a penaltyforwhat he thinks. No onemay be forcibly removed fromhisownhouse. Theburden of proofisuponthepersonwhoaccuses. In inflictingpenalties, theage and inexperience of theguiltypartymust be takenintoaccount.”
RomanCitizens • Citizenship in ancient Rome was a privileged political and legal status afforded to freeborn individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. Every five years Roman men registered for the census, or official count of people living in Rome.
SOCIAL CLASSES • A male Roman citizen enjoyed a wide range of privileges and protections defined in detail by the Roman state. • Roman women had a limited form of citizenship. Though held in high regard they were not allowed to vote or stand for civil or public office. • Client state citizens and allies (socii)of Rome could receive a limited form of Roman citizenship such as the Latin Right. While such citizens could vote in Roman elections, it was impractical.
Slaves were considered property and lacked legal personhood. Some slaves were freed by manumission for services rendered, or through a testamentary provision when their master died. Once free, they faced few barriers. • Freedmen were former slaves who had gained their freedom.
ROMAN FAMILY LIFE • Life for women in Roman times was often hard. Mother was less important than father in the family. • Father had the power of life or death over everyone. When a new baby was born it would be laid at its father's feet - if the father picked the baby up it would live, but if he ignored the baby it would be taken away to die.
Women were expected to run the home, cook meals, and raise children. If they were wealthy, women were lucky; they had slaves to do the work. • Many girls were married at the age of 14. Marriages were often arranged between families. A man could divorce his wife if she did not give birth to a son. Many women died young (in their 30s), because childbirth could be dangerous, and diseases were common.
CHRISTIANITY • The message of Christianity was spread around the Roman Empire by St. Paul who founded Christian churches in Asia Minor and Greece. Eventually, he took his teachings to Rome itself. • Religion was very important to the Romans. Within the Roman Empire, Christianity was banned and Christians were punished for many years. Feeding Christians to the lions was seen as entertainment in Ancient Rome.
THE FALL OF ROME The invading army reached the outskirts of Rome, which had been left totally undefended. In 410 C.E., the Visigoths, led by Alaric, breached the walls of Rome and sacked the capital of the Roman Empire. The Visigoths looted, burned, and pillaged their way through the city, leaving a wake of destruction wherever they went. The plundering continued for three days. For the first time in nearly a millennium, the city of Rome was in the hands of someone other than the Romans. This was the first time that the city of Rome was sacked, but by no means the last.
