The skeletal system

1. The skeletal system By Susan Song, Julienne Kim and Kelsey Osborn

2. BONE FUNCTION: Support and Protection • Give shape and provide protection to head, face, thorax, and limbs  • Structural support for heart, lungs and marrow  • Protection for brain, uterus, and other internal organs  • Attachment sites for muscles allowing movement of limbs 

3. BONE FUNCTION:Body Movement • Movement is possible through of the attachment of bones to muscles. (Tendons) • Bones and muscles interact as mechanical devices called levers. • 4 basic components of levers: 1) rod or bar 2) pivot point 3) object moving against resistance 4) force supplying energy McGrallHill Textbook

4. BONE FUNCTION:Blood Cell Formation • 3 groups of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets • Also called hematopoiesis • Begins in the yolk sac, later occurs in the liver and spleen, and finally in bone marrow • Marrow: soft mass of connective tissue found within medullary cavities of long bones, spongy bone, and central canals of compact bone tissue • 2 kinds of bone marrow: Red marrow and yellow marrow

5. Continued… • Red marrow: formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. • In infants, red marrow occupies the cavities of bones • Yellow marrow: stores fat. Is not active in blood formation • However, if needed, can become red marrow, then reverts back to yellow marrow www.propofs.com

6. BONE FUNCTION:Storage of Inorganic Salts • The extracellular matrix of bone tissue is rich in calcium salts • Vital Metabolic processes require calcium • When blood is low in calcium, osteoclasts break down bone tissue, which releases calcium salts into the blood • High blood calcium activates osteoclasts and causes the release of calcitonin, which stimulates osteoblasts to form bone tissue. • Excess calcium is stored in the extracellular matrix

7. Bones • Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. • Come in a variety of shapes and have a complex internal and external structure • Lightweight, yet strong and hard • Rigid and has a honeycomb-like, three-dimensional internal structure. • Includes marrow, endosteum and periosteum, nerves, and blood vessels • There are 206 bones in the adult human body and 270 in an infant.

8. Ligaments • Connect bone to another bone • Allow most joints to move help control their range of motion • Stabilize them so that the bones move in proper alignment • Collagen makes up the tissue in most ligaments. • Collagen fibers allow to stretch significantly when they move, such as when the elbow is bent or straightened. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-ligaments.htm

9. Tendons • Tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connect muscle to bone • Capable of withstanding great tension. • Similar to ligaments and fasciae as they are all made of collagen but ligaments join one bone to another bone, and fasciae connect muscles to other muscles. • Tendons and muscles work together http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-tendons.htm#slideshow

10. Cartilage • Flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the body like the rib cage, the ear, the nose. • Provide support, frameworks, and attachments • Protect underlying tissues • Form structural models for developing bones • Not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle. • 3 types: elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage • Do not contain blood vessels and as a result, heals very slowly. http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/elastic%20cartilage http://washington.uwc.edu /about/wayne.schaefer/TissuesPage.htm http://tissueslides.blogspot.com /2009/10/fibrocartilage.html

11. Bone Development and Growth • The skeletal systems begins to grow during prenatal development • Continues to grow into adulthood • Form by replacing existing connective tissues • 2 types of bone formation: Intramembranous and endochondral

12. Bone Development and Growth:Intramembranous Ossification • Formation of flat bones like the skull    • Connective tissue forms in sheets at sites of future bones • Highly invested with blood vessels.  • The future bones are first formed as connective tissue membranes. • Osteoblasts migrate to the membranes and deposit bony matrix around themselves. • As a result, spongy bone tissue forms in all directions within the membrane layers • Periosteum: cells of the membranous tissues that lie outside the developing bone • Osteoblasts lie within the periosteum and form compact bone around spongy bone

13. Endochondral Ossification: • Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue. • Most of the bones of the skeleton are formed in this manner. Primary Ossification Center Secondary Ossification Center • Future bones first form as hyaline cartilage models. • 3rd month after conception: the perichondrium that surrounds the hyaline cartilage models fills with blood vessels and osteoblasts and changes into a periosteum. • The osteoblasts form a collar of compact bone around the diaphysis. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis begins to disintegrate. • Osteoblasts penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it with spongy bone. • Continues from the center toward the ends of the bones. • After spongy bone is formed in the diaphysis, osteoclasts break down the newly formed bone to open up the medullary cavity. • As the developing bone increases in length, cartilage continues to disintegrate • When secondary ossification is complete, the hyaline cartilage is totally replaced by bone but a region of hyaline cartilage remains over the surface of the epiphysis as articular cartilage

14. McgrawHill Textbook

15. Features of a Typical Long Bone (Shier)

16. Axial v. Appendicular Skeletons • Axial: Head, neck and trunk • Appendicular: Upper and lower limbs http://bodyorgans.blogspot.com/2012_09_01_archive.html

17. Major Bones of the Body: Anterior View Skull Sternum Clavicle Ribs Humerus Coxa Ulna Radius Metacarpals Carpals Phalanges Femur Tibia Patella Fibula Tarsals Phalanges Metatarsals http://kootation.com/this-actually-made-me-cry-such-humanity.html

18. Major Bones of the Body: Posterior View Scapula Vertebral Column Floating Ribs Sacrum Coccyx http://www.clker.com/clipart-skeleton-posterior.html

19. Joints of Different Tissue http://www.infovisual.info/03/img_en/026%20Types%20of%20joints%20found%20in%20the%20human%20body.jpg

20. Joints • Fibrous • Lie closely between one another • Thin layer of dense conn. tissue • I.e. sutures on skull bones • Cartilaginous • Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage • Separate the vertebral column • Synovial • Mostly of all joins • Allows free movement • Complex structures

21. Six Synovial Joints saddle Ball-and-socket Condyloid Pivot Hinge Gliding http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/404/flashcards/1237404/jpg/slide321333990034923.jpg

22. http://www.medtrng.com/flexionextension.gif http://www.medtrng.com/flexionextension.gif

23. http://frankduffy93.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/abductionadduction.gifhttp://frankduffy93.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/abductionadduction.gif

24. http://www.usi.edu/science/biology/mkhopper/hopper/BIOL2401/LABUNIT2/01Ex12Joints/Ex.13Images/DorsiPlantar.jpghttp://www.usi.edu/science/biology/mkhopper/hopper/BIOL2401/LABUNIT2/01Ex12Joints/Ex.13Images/DorsiPlantar.jpg

26. http://people.emich.edu/pbogle/PHED_200/overheads/ch7_art/07_40.jpghttp://people.emich.edu/pbogle/PHED_200/overheads/ch7_art/07_40.jpg

27. http://d3j7fudf8o8iuo.cloudfront.net/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/media/images/e-anatomy/anatomical-terms-of-location-position-motion/inversion-eversion/2511097-1-eng-GB/inversion-eversion_imagelarge.jpghttp://d3j7fudf8o8iuo.cloudfront.net/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/media/images/e-anatomy/anatomical-terms-of-location-position-motion/inversion-eversion/2511097-1-eng-GB/inversion-eversion_imagelarge.jpg

28. http://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/04._powerpoint_-_skeletal_system/protraction___retraction.jpghttp://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/04._powerpoint_-_skeletal_system/protraction___retraction.jpg

29. http://www.usi.edu/science/biology/mkhopper/hopper/BIOL2401/LABUNIT2/01Ex12Joints/Ex.13Images/DorsiPlantar.jpghttp://www.usi.edu/science/biology/mkhopper/hopper/BIOL2401/LABUNIT2/01Ex12Joints/Ex.13Images/DorsiPlantar.jpg

30. http://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/04._powerpoint_-_skeletal_system/elevation___depression.jpghttp://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/04._powerpoint_-_skeletal_system/elevation___depression.jpg

31. Osteoporosis • Thinning and weakening of the bone • More common to women • Low bone density and low dietary sodium intake • Hips, wrists, and spine • Considered a ‘silent disease’ • Can be prevented or treated with a healthy lifestyle; correct diet, exercise, and medications such as bisphonates http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QAa7G65np08/Tcq0QVHnkrI/AAAAAAAAAWs/dZcSfC0WQYo/s1600/osteoporosis1.jpg Osteoporosis=porous bone

32. Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Congenital Disease • More common within shorter stature • Bones become weaker • Damages in the gene for type 1 collagen • Blue tint to the whites of the eye, hearing losses, and multiple fractures • No definite cure http://www.primehealthchannel.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Osteogenesis-Imperfecta.jpg

33. Bone Tumor • Abnormal growth of bones • Genetics, radiation, injury • Symptoms: Pain (night) and fractures • Treated like most cancers http://www.magmire.net/wp-content/uploads/Dog-Bone-Tumors.jpg

34. Work Cited "Bone tumor - PubMed Health." National Center for Biotechnology Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002210/> "Osteogenesis imperfecta - PubMed Health." National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002540> "NIHSeniorHealth: Osteoporosis - What Is Osteoporosis?." NIHSeniorHealth Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://nihseniorhealth.gov/osteoporosis/whatisosteoporosis/01.html> Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. Hole's essentials of human anatomy and physiology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print.