Medieval Church Bellwork

1. Medieval Church Bellwork • True or false: The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in Western Europe • True • What important parts of life were made official through the Church? • Birth, Marriage, and Death • What is it called when one pays a tax to the church called? • Tithe

2. Objective • WWBAT: Introduce the origins of the Christian Crusades and those people involved in the Crusades • WWBAT: Read and compare Muslin and Christian justifications for war

3. Interactive Notebook Setup • 12/1/2016 • Crusades Causes and Effects • This will be one page

4. Lead up to Crusades The Crusades Effects of Crusades

5. Lead Up to the Crusades • Why are we going to the Holy Land? • To take back the Holy Land from the non Christians • To convert the non believers (Muslims) • To crush heretics • Not all Crusades were fought in the Holy Land. Southern France was the site of a Crusade • In Frankfurt Germany Crusaders on the way to the Holy Land killed 10,000 Jews just because they were not Christians

6. Lead Up to the Crusades • Heresies • At about the same time the Crusades were starting people began to question the role and doctrine of the Catholic Church • Many heretics wanted to return to a simpler way of practicing Christianity • They rejected the wealth of the church

7. Lead Up to the Crusades • Scholasticism • With the opening of universities in Europe people began to think more freely • People began to study law, philosophy, medicine, science • This new thought or scholasticism came into direct conflict with the church

8. Lead Up to the Crusades • The Church response • To keep control of the masses the church set out strict guidelines or doctrines of practice • If these doctrines were not followed then punishment ranged from excommunication to torture and execution • At this time the church is often referred to as the Church Militant • The 4th Crusade was directed at those deemed heretics by the church, Jews, Muslims, and heretics • Crusades might unify Christians

9. Lead Up to the Crusades • As the years passed, reports spread that some Muslims had killed Christian pilgrims and destroyed churches • Though this likely was exaggerations of very infrequent events • European Christians were also increasingly intolerant of Muslims controlling the Holy Land • As tensions increased, war seemed inevitable.

10. Lead Up to the Crusades • The Great Schism of 1064, divided Christianity into Eastern Orthodox(Byzantine) and Roman Catholic (Europe) • The primary cause wasa dispute over papal authority • Caused the first major division in Christianity in its history

11. The Crusades • In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I contacted Pope Urban II about the threat of Turkish armies against Constantinople and the Fatamid Muslim’s control of Jerusalem • In November 1096, Pope Urban II considered Alexios’ plea, and called for a crusade against the Muslim Turks at the Council of Claremont Pope Urban II at Claremont

12. Background “Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves…” Pope Urban II

13. The Crusades • The term Crusade best fits the wars fought between the Muslims and the Christians between 1095 and 1291

14. The Crusaders • Pope Urban offered indulgence removing all punishments due to sin for those who died on the Crusade • Serfs were allowed to leave the land they were bound to • Crusaders were exempted from taxes • Debtors were given a halt on interest • Prisoners were freed and death sentences were commuted by a bold extension of Papal authority to life service in Palestine

15. The Crusades • What motivated the Crusaders • Genuine religious fervor from both Christian and Muslims (Our religions is better then yours) • Geopolitical conflict between Europe and the Middle East (Hey, your stealing our money, our trade and our land) • Europe wants in on Silk Road trade routes to China and the near East • Greed-European nobles want to make a name for themselves and get rich-spoils of war • Racial and religious prejudice “I hate you” concept

17. The Crusaders • The variety of motivations resulted in a many different people being involved in the Crusades • Men tired of hopeless poverty • Adventurers seeking action • Merchants looking for new markets • Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless • Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ

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21. The Crusades • The First Crusade (1096-1099) • Why • The Byzantine Empire had been fighting Muslims off for about 20 years • The Seljuk Turks had also taken the Holy Land and Jerusalem prior to the plea for help

22. The Crusades • Off we go • In 1096 a massive Christian army heads off to the Holy Land by the way of Constantinople • Along the way the crusaders destroy just about anything in their way (parts of Europe, Constantinople, the Holy Land) • By 1099 the Crusaders reached Jerusalem and placed it under siege • In a couple of weeks in 1099 Christians took Jerusalem, butchered every Muslim, Jew and even some Christians in the city • Jerusalem was now in the hands of the Christians

23. The Crusades • What happened afterwards • The Crusaders established what was called the Latin Kingdoms • These kingdoms served as the military and political strongholds for the Christians in the Middle East • This allowed knights and nobles to • Own land • Become involved in trade and become rich

24. The Crusades • The Latin Kingdoms • The Crusaders were able to hold on to these Kingdoms for about 200 years however at a cost • The Crusaders would have to fight a series of Crusades against the Turks, Arabs and other Muslims who wanted to drive the Christians out • When the Muslims were successful in taking back land from the Crusaders then the Crusaders would start another Crusade

25. The Crusades • The Second Crusade (1146-1149) • One of the Latin Kingdoms falls to the Muslims • Some immediate defeats of the Turks • Ultimate the Christians were defeated

26. The Crusades • The Third Crusade (1189-1192) • Saladin the military leader of the Muslims captures Jerusalem in 1187 • Saladin is probably the greatest military leader the Muslims have ever known • Richard the Lion-Heart of England, Philip II Augustus of France and Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire join together to fight Saladin

27. The Crusades • The Third Crusade • Richard does some nasty things while fighting the Muslims • Killing every Muslim man, woman, and child in Acre • Both Richard and Saladin’s forces face off in a series of battles • Neither can gain the advantage on the other • The Crusade ends in a stalemate • Muslims keep Jerusalem but Christians were free to visit the city

28. The Crusades • Later Crusades • From 1200 to about 1291 a series of very unsuccessful Crusades are launched against the Muslims and even Christians • The 4th Crusade (1202-1204) • In the 4th Crusade targeted the Christian city of Constantinople instead of the Muslims • (Crusaders were now just looking for land and wealth and saw a way to obtain it in Constantinople) • The ideals of Chivalry were dying out and knights and nobles were killing whom ever and taking whatever they wanted

30. The Crusades • Later Crusades • In the 1200’s there was Children’s Crusade were young boys and girls went off to fight the Muslims • Guess just how this ended up? Lots of children captured and enslaved • Crusaders attacked Egypt and North Africa with little success • The Turks • During this same time the Turks were able to drive the Christians out of the Latin Kingdoms • Most of the early crusaders who had established the kingdoms had died or went home • In 1291 the last outpost for the Christians at Acre fell • Christian presence in the Middle east was abandoned • The Crusades were over

31. The Crusades Died Out • Lack of interest, rising European prosperity • Repeated military defeats • Discredited by "crusades" against Christian Heretics • Against the Albigensians in France • Against the Hussites in Bohemia

32. Effects of Crusades • Historians frequently call the Crusades “a successful failure.” • While Europeans never regained permanent control of the Holy Land and many people were killed, cultural diffusion increased. • Europeans began to trade with the Middle East.

33. Effects of Crusades • Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire • Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans • Stimulated Mediterranean trade • Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques

34. Effects of Crusades • Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms • Romantic and imaginative literature increased • European rediscovery of the Roman & Hellenistic knowledge which had been preserved by the Byzantine and Muslim Empires

35. Effects of Crusades • Knowledge introduced to Europe • Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches • Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. • Moslem minarets adopted as church spires • Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes in European • Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

36. Crusades Bellwork • What were three personal reasons why people might go on crusade? • Indulgences, Serfs getting to leave land, no taxes, halt on debtor, getting out of jail, adventure, religious belief • What were two more general reasons for European Crusades? • Take the holy land, convert Muslims, Silk Road Trade Routes, Religious Conflict, Unify Christianity

37. Objective • WWBAT: Discuss events on the crusades and the effects of the Crusades on Europe