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Infection Control

Aim of the session. To provide an introduction to infection control. Student objectives. By the end of the session students should be able toList the major groups of disease producing infectious agentsDescribe the transmission of diseaseExplain how to prevent the spread of disease within a veterinary practiceName the properties of commonly used antiseptics and disinfectantsCalculate dilution rates and percentages of solutions.

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Infection Control

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    1. Infection Control

    2. Aim of the session To provide an introduction to infection control

    3. Student objectives By the end of the session students should be able to List the major groups of disease producing infectious agents Describe the transmission of disease Explain how to prevent the spread of disease within a veterinary practice Name the properties of commonly used antiseptics and disinfectants Calculate dilution rates and percentages of solutions

    4. definitions Infection

    5. definitions Contagion

    6. definitions Colonisation

    7. definitions Sterilisation

    8. definitions Disinfection Bio-security

    9. definitions Contamination

    10. Definitions Detergent

    11. Definitions Antiseptics-

    12. Disease producing agents Viruses Latin meaning toxin or poisonous Infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell More than 5,000 types of virus have been described Viruses are about 1/100th the size of bacteria Viral populations do not grow through cell division.

    13. Bacteria Large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length. Bacteria have a wide range of shapes. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission. Populations can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes

    14. Fungi Adopted from the Latin fungus, meaning "mushroom" The fungi are more closely related to animals than plants Sexual and asexual reproduction of the fungi is commonly via spores Fungi are significant pathogens of humans and other animals, and losses due to diseases of crops

    15. Protozoa Protozoans from Greek "first" "animals“ An amoeba Protozoa can grow up to 1 mm Protozoa also play a vital role in controlling bacteria populations

    16. Prions An infectious agent that is composed of protein. Does not self-replicate Process is dependent on the presence of the host organism. All prion diseases affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue, and all are currently untreatable and are always fatal

    17. Prion Prions can be found in yeast and other fungi Current research suggests that the primary method of infection in animals is through ingestion. Prion diseases show characteristics of being sporadic, genetic, and infectious

    18.

    19. Disinfectant activity A variety of factors influence the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants; Microorganisms vary in their sensitivity, Gram negative organisms are less sensitive along with viruses like parvovirus. The presence of organic matter, other detergents, hard water, rubber and plastic. The acidity of the environment. Certain disinfectants perform better in alkaline conditions.

    20. Selecting a surface disinfectant Selection of a disinfectant should be based on its properties, intended use and effectiveness. Selection should ensure disease control is maintained at the highest level. It is strongly recommended that safety data sheets for the disinfectant are obtained for the disinfectant.

    21. Selecting a surface disinfectant The normal selection criteria for disinfections are; A wide range of activity Efficacy and contact time Effectiveness in the face of organic challenge Safety-toxicity of concentrate Corrosive effect Environmental effect Cost

    22. Hazard warnings

    23. Disease control Treatment-aims To kill pathogenic organism involved To prevent secondary infection Provide nutritional, fluid and other non-specific support To modify the immune response

    24. Quarantine and isolation Infectious diseases are not transmitted from dog to cat Isolate any other in-contact animal Isolation will not identify carrier animals It is not ideal to house a large number of animals in a small environment Animals can be tested and vaccinated whilst isolated

    25. Barrier nursing Keep the animal in strict isolation Use the same kennel Clean and treat the patient after all others Keep separate equipment Disinfect all areas after use Use disposable gloves, apron and foot baths Stick to clinical waste regulations Provide the patient with suitable stimulation

    26. Antiseptics

    27. Disinfectants

    28. Types of disinfectants Most disinfectant compounds are well established despise changing brand names Although some products do contain mixtures, it is possible to categorise then into the following groups;

    29. Types of disinfectants Phenols Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QUATS) Aldehydes Hypochlorides Idophors Alcohols Peroxide Peracides

    30. Disinfectants used for specific diseases Bacterial diseases Gram positive bacteria are the most easily destroyed by disinfectants (respiratory and skin disease). Gram negative bacteria tend to be more resistant (salmonella). Bacterial spores are the most resistant.

    31. Disinfectants used for specific diseases Viral diseases These are destroyed by Aldehydes such as Gluteraldehyde, as well as Hypochlorites. These are much more resistant than bacteria and therefore more difficult to kill. Fungal spores These are less resistant than bacterial spores. Most fungal spores are killed easily by disinfectants.

    32. Calculating dilution rates Dilution refers to a weakened solution Products come in concentrated form (stock solution) Must be diluted before use (working solution) The preferred method of describing a dilution is: the number of parts of the substance being diluted in the total number of parts in the final product.

    33. Calculating dilution rates Example Take one part concentrate and dilute Total parts = 10 One in ten dilution

    34. Calculating dilution rates Dilutions are written as fractions

    35. Calculating dilution rates How much disinfectant/water would you need to add to achieve the following dilution rates….? 1:100 1:200 2:300

    36. Calculating dilution rates How many millilitres in 1 litre? Trigene recommends a 1:100 dilution. If the dispenser delivers 10mls of Trigene how much water would you need to add?

    37. Calculating dilution rates Vetaclean Parvo recommends 1:25 dilution rate If you used 200mls of Vetaclean parvo how much water would you need to add?

    38. Summary Understand your practice disease control or biosecurity requirements Use products which are effective and appropriate, and present a low hazard. As a general recommendation, quaternary ammonium compounds are good for low risk areas, while powdered peroxygen compounds will offer the best results in high risk areas Establish a clear understood programme and ensure all staff handle products correctly. Use reputable suppliers and ensure accurate information is available.

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