TURKISH EDUCATION SYSTEM

1. TURKISH EDUCATION SYSTEM

2. When we look at the Turkish Education System’s process, we can see there have been a lot of movements to improve and renovate the system. In this process we see that after the first years of Republic (1923) there was a desire for quantitive results which then turned into a desire for characteristic results. After the proclamation of the republic, John Dewey’s education trend was also popular in Turkey Education System.

3. The Turkish Education System is organized on the basis of : • Constitution of the Turkish Republic • Laws regulating Education and Instruction • Government Programs • Development Plans • National Education Councils

4. Main characteristics of the constructivist approach are : • Students incorporate their experiences and what they learn. • Learning activities lead students to reach experiences, beliefs and knowledge. • Culture, race and economical background cause inequality. • Students are the key factor for assessing their own learning. • Outcomes of the learning process are variable and unpredictable.

5. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FRAME • Turkish Ministry of Education is composed of Central, Provincial and Abroad Units. • Turkish Ministry of Education is organized in 81 cities and 924 districts in provinces. • Every city has its own provincial directorate of national education and every district has its own provincial directorate of national education.

6. FOREIGN EDUCATING ORGANIZATION In order to protect and expand Turkish National Culture in foreign countries and to serve education for these reasons, Ministry of Education founded abroad organizations.

7. In order to follow the developments in technical and Professional fields in foreign countries and also introduce Turkey’s educational and scientific activities there, 20 Education Under secretariats in Washington, Berlin, Wien , Brussels ,Copenhagen, Paris ,London, Bern, Stockholm, Moscow, etc. ; and 18 Education Attaches in New York, Los Angeles, Berlin, Koln, Mainz, Munster, Munich, Nurnberg, Stuttgart, Dusseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Karlsruhe, Sydney, Strasbourg and Lyon have been founded.

8. ADMINISTRATING EDUCATION FROM PROVINCE AND FROM CENTRE • Province Administrating: Municipalities or Private-Sector runs the education services. • Centre Administrating: As in Turkey, Ministry of Education runs the education services.

9. The basic structure of the National Education system is outlined by the Basic Law. The educational system is divided into two main sections as : • Formal Education • Non-Formal Education.

10. FORMAL EDUCATION SYSTEM • a- Formal Education covers the institutions of : • -Pre-Primary School • -Primary School (1.st grade and 2.nd grade) • -High School • -Higher Education

11. PRE-PRİMARY EDUCATİON includes the optional education of children between 36-72 month who are under the age of compulsory primary education. • Pre-Primary education institutions, independent nurseries are opened as nursery classes and practical classes within formal and non-formal education institutions with suitable physical capacity. • The purpose of Pre-Primary education is to ensure physical, mental and sensory development of children and the acquisition of good habits, to prepare children for primary education, to create a common atmosphere of growth for those living in inconvenient circumstances and to ensure that Turkish is spoken correct and well.

12. PRIMARY SCHOOLS • Primary education is necessary for children aged 6-14. • After 66 Months, it’s compulsory to start primary education. Age for starting education is 5,5 in law. • When children are to start their primary education, they can start in the nearest primary school after choosing through Internet.

13. A- The purpose of primary education is to ensure that every Turkish child acquires the basic knowledge, skills, behaviors, and habits to become a good citizen, is raised in line with the national moral concepts and is prepared for life and for the next education level parallel to his/her interests and skills.

14. b-Primary education is compulsory for all girls and boys and free in State schools. It consists of 8-years education. • For the first 4 years, children get an easier schedule and curriculum. They get a 3-months of orientation before starting school. English is compulsory when students get 2.grade and on the 4.grade so is Ethics and Religion. Moreover, children get a more audio-visual curriculum these 4 years.

15. HIGH SCHOOLS EDUCATION • High education consists of technical, general or vocational schools of a 4-years of education depending on the first 8 years of primary schools. Students get ‘’High schools certificates’’ after finishing high schools successfully. • Main objectives of high education are to bring up citizens who have an average social culture and have knowledge about the country’s problems and have ideas how to solve them and develop the country. • High school education is organized as : • -General high schools • -Anatolian high schools • -Science high schools • -Social-sciences high schools • -Teacher-training high schools • -Sport high schools • -Anatolian fine-arts high schools • -Multiple-program high schools

16. Vocational and Technical High Education : These schools which aim to get students ready for profession fields in real life consist of : • a-Male technical education high schools • b-Female technical education high schools • c-Tourism and Trade high schools • d-Religion Education high schools

17. DIFFERENT HIGH SCHOOL TYPES IN TURKEY General High Schools : After an 8-years of primary education, every student can enter these high schools. Students here are educated to enter YGS (Placement Test for Higher Education) and LYS ( License Placement Test)

18. Vocational High schools : Students graduated from these high schools can continue their education in Vocational Higher Education Institutions. These high schools can be grouped as; technical, Communication, Nursery, Tourism, Teaching , Marine high schools. An extra 1-year of education might be needed for these high schools.

19. Anatolian High schools : These high schools’ curriculum are particularly based on ‘’foreign language’’. Their course-hours are more than the general ones. • Science High schools : These high schools are for the students who have an interest in science. Students are brought up in these high schools for ‘’Science’’ department at universities. • Vocational Religious High Schools : In order to supply the needs for ‘’Imamate, preacher and teachers of Qur’an’’, Ministry of Education set up these high schools.

20. A-Fine Arts High schools : These high schools are for the children who are interested in arts and music. • b-Private High schools : Also called ‘’Colleges’’, these high schools usually give education in foreign languages and it’s really difficult to enter these high schools. Moreover, it’s not free to get education in these institutions. These are generally foreign-rooted schools such as Robert College, Saint-Joseph College, Austria High school.

21. HIGHER EDUCATION • The aim of higher education is to offer education to individuals to meet the demands of the society at various higher levels and to develop scientific research for Turkey to be a part of the developed countries, by preparing a suitable research environment. • These institutions consist of : Universities, Faculties, Institutions, Colleges, Conservatory.

22. At the end of High school education, students who wish to study at universities, have to take an exam which is called as YGS ( A Placement Test for Higher Education) implemented by YOK (Central Higher Education Institution). • In order to obtain a good future, students want to study in good departments at good universities. This is why they start studying for the entrance exams as much as two years in advance, generally taking private courses as well.

23. HIGHER EDUCATION STEPS • Two-Years Degree : These institutions are Vocational Higher Education Schools with a 2 years of education. Some of them have Preparation Class for a foreign Language. After students complete their education here, they can enter Universities with a 4-years of education if they pass the exam called DGS ( A Test to continue education at Universities) • Bachelor’s Degree : To get Bachelor’s Degree, it is compulsory to complete an education at a university with a 4-years of education. However, some departments like Medicine , Dentistry or Pharmacy may need 5 or 6 years of education. • Master Degree : Students get Master degree after finishing a 2-years of education with a thesis or not after Bachelor’s degree. While mastering with thesis needs 21 credits course, mastering without thesis needs 30 credits and can be completed in 1,5 years

24. Doctorate Degree: After Master degree, students can have a 4 years of education with 7 courses and 21 credits at least. After four years they need to pass the proficiency exam and defend the thesis they wrote before the judge to finish the process. • Specialization in Medicine : This is the same degree as Doctorate Degree in other departments, but this is for the Medicine department. Students need to pass the TUS (An exam for specialization in medicine).Same principals work in the process. • Proficiency in Art : After graduating from a faculty or a college, students have an exam in particular art department. If they are successful to create a scientific work or an art work, they get this degree which is equal with the Doctorate Degree.

25. KINDS OF HIGHER EDUCATION • Formal Education: A kind of education in which students need to attend the classes and projects regularly. • Non-Formal Education : A kind of education in which students get their education through books, radio and TV • Ecstern Education : A kind of education in which students don’t need to attend the classes and projects regularly. They only have to enter the visa and final examinations. • Common-Public Education: An education which aims to teach specific subjects to everyone from everywhere and all ages.

26. Common-Public Education • Common-Public Education covers all education facilities and activities for the ones who have never attended in formal education, are continuously attending one or have quit one in terms of their special needs. It consists of ; Public Education, Traineeship Education and Distant Education.

27. Main Education Institutions are : • -Adult education centers • -Traineeship Education Centers • -Practical Art Schools for Females • -Private Courses • -Training and Practicing Schools (Special Education) • -Vocational Schools (Special Education) • -Science and Art Centers(Special Education) • -Non-Formal Primary and High Schools

28. SPECIAL TEACHING AND EDUCATION • a-The main objective of Special Teaching and Education is to raise people who needs special education and get them ready for the social life and get them have a profession. • b-Special Education Schools are organized underneath the Ministry of Education laws. However, primary schools have a preparation class unlike the other primary schools.

29. In Special Education Schools, education is given for the Visually-Impaired, Hearing-Impaired, Orthopedic-Impaired, Mental-Impaired, Autistic Children and Highly Gifted children. • Private Education Courses are mainly ; private schools, private courses, private vocational and technical schools, private driver courses etc. These institutions continue their educations under the supervision of Mınistry of Education.

30. Thank you for listening.