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COLD WAR

COLD WAR. I. ARMS RACE. Arms Race: 1945- 1952 US created the Atomic bomb “Manhattan Project” Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico Robert Oppenheimer lead man. First time and Last time used in war. Ending WWII against the Japanese Hiroshima Aug 6 th 1945 90K killed

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COLD WAR

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  1. COLD WAR

  2. I. ARMS RACE • Arms Race: 1945- 1952 • US created the Atomic bomb “Manhattan Project” Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico • Robert Oppenheimer lead man. First time and Last time used in war. Ending WWII against the Japanese • Hiroshima Aug 6th 1945 90K killed • Nagasaki Aug 9th 1945 60K killed

  3. US monopoly on power 1945-1949 • new military strategy to be used in war. • Truman felt this weapon was too powerful for military control • Use of an atomic bomb was to be made by politicians • Us felt the soviets would not develop weapon till mid to late 1950’s

  4. Russian nuclear development • 1949 Soviets detonate first Atomic bomb RDS-1 (JOE- 1) August 29th 1949 • Much of the technology was from spies in the US program • Immediate effect escalation in an arms race and loss of the US monopoly • Rise of the US red scare

  5. Development of the Hydrogen bomb • US had stated development of H-bomb prior to 1949 • Edward Teller chief designer- first detonation 1952 • H- Bomb uses Hydrogen fusion in the detonation of Uranium Fission • Soviets developed a Hydrogen bomb in 1955 • Hydrogen bombs were more powerful and destructive than atomic.

  6. When did the US and the USSR develop their first atomic and Hydrogen bombs? • USA: USSR:

  7. President Eisenhower and Massive Retaliation Policy1955 • a single soviet attack on an American Ally • result many attacks on the soviet union with the use of Nuclear Weapons • This policy cause more hesitance of soviet forces pushing into W Europe. • There was also a US fear of a Missile gap

  8. “Missile Gap” • Missile Gap- was coined to give a perceived soviet advantage in # of Nuclear weapons and their power. • Truth was the US had the upper hand in total weapons • US had an advantage in having bases close to the USSR (Turkey& Germany) • Used to increase anti-soviet sentiment

  9. What was Eisenhower's Defensive Policy? • Discuss with your partner one advantage and one disadvantage of this Policy.

  10. Arms Raceby 1964 China, France, and the UK joined nuclear age • After WWII Germans had V-2 rockets • Both US and USSR worked from this to improve rocket technology • Soviets working closely with Sputnik (Space Program) developed first medium range ICBMs 1957.

  11. US developed their ICBM’s by 1958 • ICBM’s Intercontinental Ballistics Missiles • Immediate goals was to equip with Nuclear warheads. • Were only defensive as they had a limited range.

  12. JFK policy change towards USSR 1961 • Cuban Missile Crisis showed flaw in Massive Retaliations • Policy would result in: MAD- Mutually assured Destruction

  13. New Policy :Flexible Response • 3 stages of Military Response • 1. Direct Defense: standard military use if soviets attack US or an Ally • 2. Deliberate Escalation : IF NATO Forces are taken over use of Small Nuclear weapons in combat • 3. General Nuclear: all out Nuclear War if there is a Nuclear attack

  14. What was JFK’s policy called? • Discuss positives and negatives of this policy.

  15. Sputnik vs NASA-Space race and arms race closely connected-Soviets had an early advantage in their Missile and Rocket Technology USA • 5/5/61U.S. launches first American astronaut, into space, • 2/20/62 John Glenn becomes first American to orbit Earth, • 1/20/69: Man walks on the moon USSR • 10/4/57: First artificial satellite, Sputnik I, • 4/12/61: Yuri Gagarin completes the first manned space flight, • 3/18/65: Cosmonaut AlekseiLeonov takes man's first space walk

  16. Trying to control Nuclear Weaponsand Radiation they produce • 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty- No Testing in Atmosphere, Underwater, or Space(US, UK,USSR) • 1968 Non-Proliforation Treaty Non Nuclear states can not posses or create Nuclear Weapons • Goal of Disarmament • (India, Israel, Pakistan against and did not sign)

  17. Escalation of weapons 1970’s • USA • 1970’s US starts MIRV missile program. One missile with multiple nuclear warheads to hit enemy • USSR • Soviet ABM- Anti Ballistics Missile (nuclear tipped) • Goal of shooting down US – ICBM’s targeting Moscow • Successful tests of these weapons 1970’s

  18. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) SALT I 1969-72 Under (US)Nixon and (USSR)Brezhnev • talks about the limitations and control of Nuclear weapons between the US and USSR • No new missile launch sites • Must dismantle ICBM’s before creating New Nuclear subs • Created Anti ballistic Missile Treaty 1972- Limit # of ABM’s

  19. SALT II- 1979 Under (US)Carter and (USSR) Brezhnev • Stop the creation of New Nuclear Weapons • Reduce the # of existing Nuclear Weapons • Never ratified by the US Senatedue to Soviet invasion of the Afghanistan in Dec of 1979 • Both sides followed guidelines until 1986 when Reagan cancelled SALT II

  20. List 3 steps taken to limit Nuclear weapons.

  21. Impact of Reagan • Ronald Reagan 1983 developed SDI(Strategic Defense Initiative) • Called Star Wars • Plan would be a system to shoot down incoming Soviet Missiles with( • Lasers & particles beams from land Air and space) • Problem technology was not ready • Most real increase in weapons technology in the 1980’s stealth air craft.

  22. Gorbachev • Gorbachev reached out to the US for Nuclear Disarmament in 1987 • Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces treaty • INF Treaty 1987 Treaty Between US and USSR On the elimination of their Intermediate-Range And Shorter-Range Missiles • START Treaty 1991(Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty) Signed with Pres. Bush

  23. II Sino Soviet Relations • Chinese Civil War • Kuomintang or Guomintang Nationalist vs CCP Communist • 1927-1937 Initial Civil War • 1937-1945 Stop to fight the Japanese • 1946-1949 Communist Victory

  24. Communist Mao Zedong- Red Army Rural areas Northern China -USSR SUPPORT-spread com -Rural and poor supported Promise land for all Nationalist Jiang Kai-Shek Control Cities in southern China -USA SUPPORT- capitalism Wealthy supported Chinese Civil War continues after WWII 1945-1949

  25. 1949 Stronger Red Army won Civil War -2 Chinas 1.Republic of China (Nationalist)- moves to Island of Taiwan -US support 2.Peoples Republic of China (communist) -1949 lead by Mao Zedong • Create alliance with USSR • China expands-1950’s China takes Tibet, Mongolia, parts of India

  26. Who were the Leaders of each side of the revolution? • Discuss with a neighbor: • China split into 2 nations who supported each nations and why?

  27. Treaties With The USSR • 1950- did not allow China in to the UN • 1950 Mao Sought alliance With USSR • Also a Marxist-Leninist Communist nation • 1950 Signed Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance • Soviets got access to Northern territories • China would get Soviet Aid to modernize

  28. Stalin and Mao • Mao Respected Stalin and saw him as the Leader of the Communist World • Great respect for his actions in turning the USSR from an agricultural nation to a World Power • Korean War- Supporting NK • China sent aid and 300k troops • USSR sent military aid and MIG fighter pilots

  29. Stalin Died 1953 • Nikita Khrushchev takes power • China no longer respects Soviet Communist under Khrushchev • Khrushchev set forth an era of De-Stalinization • Undoing actions of Stalin and revealing truths • Mao began to resent this attitude

  30. Write an example of Chinese Soviet Cooperation? • Discuss why do you think Sino Soviet relations Changed under Khrushchev?

  31. Changes in View of Communism beginning in late1950’s- 1960’s • USSR- Khrushchev • “peaceful coexistence” with the Capitalist West • Denounced Marxist-Leninist view of global Communist • Soviet Unwilling to fund nuclear research. • USSR Denounced China for 1962 Sino-Indian war • China-Mao • wanted no part of interacting with capitalist nations • Was in Favor of Spreading Communism • China wanted to develop nuclear weapons • China denounced USSR for backing down I in Cuban Missile Crisis

  32. 1968-1969 Sino Soviet Border Dispute • Both Sides amass troops and weapons along Ussuri River and along their Northern Border • Small moments of fighting but never war • This made the split between the Chinese and the USSR clear • US uses this to increase relations with China • Peace was restored and official borders were set.

  33. Write three points where the Soviets and Chinese differed?

  34. Mao’s Changes 1. Collectivization-1950’s- gave land to peasants live and work on together • Wealthy had land taken • Private companies were taken in by gov

  35. 2.Great Leap Forward 1958-60 • Commune’s -large community farms produce more Food & goods for all • Farms failed useless goods & Less Food • Caused Famine in China

  36. 3. Cultural Revolution 1960’s • Hold peasants and Workers as heroes of Nation • Attack the privileged (educated, bosses, professors… • Red Guard were the Police of this Policy

  37. Failure of Cultural Revolution • Attacks hurt country factories, farms, business slowed. • Purged Chinese government of any dissenters • Including any who supported Soviet Views • Became more isolated and worsened Soviet Relations • Program shut down 1970’s

  38. Write Each of the programs Mao enacted. • Discuss problems of each of them

  39. New Leaders Improve Sino Soviet Relations • 1989, Mikhail Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping meet in Beijing.

  40. Issues Resolved • 1. Soviet Union stop supporting Vietnam's occupation of Cambodia. • 2. Soviet Union to withdraw its troops from Mongolia • 3. Soviets remove of troops on the Soviet-Chinese border. • China recognized the 3,110-mile border • 4.Ended debate over orthodox communism since neither was a purely Communist Improved both nations international standing and allowed start economic reforms

  41. III US Sino Relations • Early Tension • 1949-Mao’s Communist Victory • Chinese took any American properties in China • US side With Republic of China(Taiwan) and as legitimate Chinese • US block China entry in UN and imposed embargo. • US allies did the same • Creation of nuclear weapons 1964

  42. War Time Conflicts • Korean War-China entered in support of NK after US troops amass near Chinese Border(Yalu River) • Vietnam War • 1960’sChina sent thousands of troops, advisors, and weapons to support NV.

  43. Rapprochement • Sino-Soviet Border Fight 1969 • Both US and China saw need to work together against USSR • Potential trade partners • huge market for US goods?

  44. List 2 examples of conflicts we had with the Chinese? • Discuss: In your opinion which nations has benefited more from trade between them ? (China or the US)

  45. PING PONG DIPLOMACY • 1971 Table Tennis World Championships(Japan) • American Players received an invitations to play in China • First Americans invited to China since 1949 • Henry Kissinger made the trip, secretively. • (National Security advisor later Sec State) • Began easing of tensions and set up an official Trip by Nixon • 1972 Chinese players toured the US

  46. Nixon to China 1972 • Great step in relieving Cold War Tension • Helped normalize US China relations • Put pressure on the USSR to continue with Détente • US allied nations agreed with this actions • Many of them had already set up diplomatic relations with China • Lead to creation of a Liaison office in China to work on diplomatic relationship • (Not an Embassy)

  47. Shanghai Communiqué 1972 • While Nixon in China goals of both Nations • Both nations work to normalize relations • Better for both nations if they work together • No single nations should control Asia • “One China Policy” there is only 1 china both PRC and Taiwan are part of it. • Nothing was official

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