Warm Up CJ

1. Warm Up CJ • What do you think life was like during the “Old Stone Age?” • Do you think you could survive without any electronic devices? • SWBAT-learn about the first humans and how they survived. • HW- read Chapter one pages 11-32 • Work on flashcards • Due Friday the 16th

2. Chapter One: First Peoples; Populating the Planet Unit One: Technological and Environmental Transformations

3. Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth • The term Big Geography draws attention to the global nature of world history. Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the Americas. Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to Ice Age tundra. By making an analogy with modern hunter-forager societies, anthropologists infer that these bands were relatively egalitarian. Humans also developed varied and sophisticated technologies.

4. The first humans. • Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions. • Fire • Tools • Religion • Economic/trade

5. What do you think? • Should historians concern themselves with pre-history? Is it worth studying? Why or why not? • How do historians know what happened in the Paleolithic era?

6. The “southern ape” The first Hominids, they are thought to have emerged in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley between 3 to 4 million years ago (BCE) Created their own stone tools - Scrapers/ choppers During this time, people found shelter in caves and left behind very interesting artifacts Hominid: Any member of the two legged primate family including all humans • Their intelligence was sufficient to allow them to plan ventures Australopithecines

7. “Upright-walking human” Two million to two hundred thousand (YA) Bipedalism Were able to communicate complex ideas • May have added cleavers & hand axes • They were the first hominids to leave Africa and moved into Europe and Asia • First to use fire Homo Erectus

8. “Consciously thinking human” – 200,000 (YA) Were able to enunciate hundreds of distant sounds Intelligence and language enabled them to adapt to widely environmental conditions Populated different temperature regions in the world Ice Age - created land bridges (Bering Strait) Homo sapiens used knives, spears, and bows and arrows Caves and hutlike shelter made out of bone wood and animal skins Homo sapiens

9. Out of Africa Theory • Around 250,000 years ago, in eastern & southern Africa, Homo sapiens first emerged • Africa was the place where the “human revolution” occurred • Sometime between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago, human beings began their journey out of Africa and into Eurasia, Australia, the Americas, (later in history) to the islands of the Pacific • The Ice Age gave these outward-bound human beings one advantage - the amount of water frozen in northern glaciers lowered sea levels around the plant creating land bridges • Evidence of hunting and fishing, not just the scavenging of dead animals, marks a new phase in human food collection - Settlements were planned around the seasonal movement of game and fish • Into Eurasia - Human migration out of Africa led first to the Middle East and from there westward into Europe around 45,000 years ago and eastward into Asia

10. -Climate pushed people southward into warmer regions (People living in the north region) • Most scholars believe that settlers from Eurasia crossed the Bering land bridge (Siberia & Alaska) to the Americas during periods of heavy glaciation - Others argue that people arrived by boat (In dispute)

11. Paleolithic Era • From 250,000 to 10,000yrs. ago • 95% of human time • Initial settlement of the planet • Creation of earliest societies • Reflection on questions of life and death • Cultural changes • Foundation of human history

12. First Migrations • “Human Revolution” • 100,000 years ago • Culture-learned or invented ways of living that shapes behavior • African movements • Forests and Deserts • Technological innovations • Stone blades, spears, bone tools • Hunting/fishing live animals • Adaptation to every environmental niche • Sahul • Supercontinent

13. Characteristics Of Paleolithic Peoples • Society • Personal kinship, Egalitarian, Slow Population Growth, Lack of Surplus Goods • Politics • Leaders arose to assign tasks as need – no permanent power • Austronesians - Chiefdoms • Interactions • Altered environment • Extinction of plants, animals, other hominid’s. • Culture • Ceremonial life and space • Deep in caves • Shaman • Presence of Deities • Venus figurines • Economy • “Original affluent society”

14. The Lascaux Caves

15. Paleolithic settlements • New environments, population growth, climate alteration, interactions cause slow change • End of Ice Age • More diverse environment • Improved conditions • Egalitarianism slipped • Regional specialized technologies , larger dwellings, larger burial sites, dogs, larger consumption of animals/plants • Greater demand on the environment

16. Comparing Paleolithic Peoples • San of S. Africa • Angola, Namibia, Botswana • 50,000-80,000ppl. • Most absorbed or displaced by Bantu • No formal leaders • Traveled in bands of 10-30 • Could be in multiple bands • Dependent on nature • Characterized by mobility, sharing, and equality • “Insulting the meat” • Multiple Gods • Evil influences • Chumash of Southern California • Santa Barbara, CA • Permanent Villages • Spanish interrupted; new society emerged after • Canoe (tomol) central innovation • Led to social inequality • Stimulates trade • Deep-sea fishing • Elaborate living conditions • Class distinctions • Permanent Elite • Burials, clothing – bearskin caps

18. Warm Up: Answer in Complete Sentences • What is the significance of the Paleolithic era in World History? • What do Paleolithic peoples have in common? • In what ways do they differ? • What is the Human Revolution? • What are the positive effects of Paleolithic settlements? • What are the negative effects of Paleolithic settlements?

19. Warm Up: Create Note cards for the following TERMS: • Austronesian Migration • Brotherhood of the Tomol • Chumash culture • Clovis culture • Dreamtime • “Gathering and hunting peoples” • “Human Revolution” • Ice Age • “Insulting the meat” • Gender division of labor • Hunter-forager societies • “Out of Africa” thesis • “The original affluent society” • Paleolithic • Paleolithic rock art • Paleolithic “settling down” • San, or Ju/’hoansi • Shamans • Trance dance • Venus figurines • The Stone Age (paleolithic and Neolithic) • Kennewick Man • Hominids • Homo sapiens sapiens • Homo erectus

20. Chapter2: First Farmers; The Revolutions of Agriculture Unit One: Technological and Environmental Transformations

21. The Agricultural Revolution in World History • Agricultural is the second great human process after settlement of the globe • Neolithic Revolution • Cultivation of plants; domestication of animals • Agriculture = basis for almost all human developments • New relationships between humans and other living things • Selectively breeding animals • “Domestication” • Mutual dependence • Lost hunting/gathering skills • “Intensification” of living • More food/resources from less land

22. Comparing Agricultural Beginnings • Agricultural Rev. happens independently in several regions • Happens at same time 12,000-4,000yrs. • Common Patterns • Coincided with end of last Ice Age • Warmer/wetter allowed plants to flourish • Managed natural world • Broad spectrum diet • Tools to use wild grain • Amazon-cut back for growth • Women were innovators • Permanent Villages • Near resource rich area • “Food Crisis” • Agricultural Styles/Techniques • Depended on plants/animals available • Few hundred plants • 14 mammal species

23. Agricultural Revolution

24. Agricultural Variations • Fertile Crescent (Iraq) • First: Variety of plants/animals • 500yrs • Societal Sophistication • Architecture, burials, tools • Sahara(Sudan) • More hospitable earlier • Cattle: animals first • Less productive • Americas • Absence of animals • Cereal grain- maize/corn • Slow transition to agriculture • North/South altered agricultural practices due to climates

25. The Globalization of Agriculture • Diffusion and Migration of Agricultural peoples • Spread of language/culture • Indo-European • Bantu • Austronesian • 10,000yrs • New Guinea • Resisted in unsuitable lands • Gathering/Hunting dwindles

26. Culture of Agriculture • Greater populations • 10,000yrs = 6mil • 5,000yrs = 50mil • Decline in health • Hard work, new diseases, famine, and epidemics • Constraints • Permanent villages • Banpo people in China • Technological Innovations • Pots, textiles, metallurgy • “Secondary products revolution” • Milking, riding, hitching plows/carts • Alteration of Ecosystem • Ground cover, irrigation, soil erosion, deforestation

27. Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture • Pastoral Societies • Relied on animals • Horses, Camels, etc. • C Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Sahara desert, etc. • None in Americas • AgriculturalVillage Societies • Bampo/Jericho • Most characteristic form of agricultural societies • Equality • Catalhuyuk • Turkey, several thousand ppl., dead under homes, no streets, specialized crafts • No inherited social inequality • No sign of sex dominance

28. Organization of Village Based Agricultural Societies • By kinship, group, or lineage • Functions of gov’t • Tiv of Nigeria = 1mil in 1800’s • Modest social/economic classes form • Elders could win privileges • Chiefdoms • Generosity, ritual status, or charisma to govern • Emerged in Mesopotamia after 6,000 B.C.E. • Pacific Islands, Cakokia in N.A., • Elite and commoner distinction

29. The Legacies of Agriculture • Recent development • Adaptation to interglacial period • Transformed human life and life on planet • Homo sapiens had power over animals/plants • People power over other people

30. Warm Up: Answer in Complete Sentences • What is the “secondary products revolution”? • What is another name for the Agricultural Revolution? • What is intensification? • Why did health decline during the Agricultural Revolution? • Why didn’t the Agricultural Revolution spread out of New Guinea as well as to all regions of the world? • Why was there a “food crisis” in certain villages during the Agricultural Revolution? • What enabled the fertile crescent to be successful during the Agricultural Revolution? • During the Agricultural Revolution who became the dominant species? • What was spread due to diffusion and migration?

31. Warm Up: Create the following chapter two notecards • Agricultural Revolution • Austronesian • Banpo • Bantu • Bantu migration • Broad spectrum diet • Cahokia • Catalhuyuk • Chiefdom • Diffusion • Teosinte • Domestication • End of last ice age • Fertile Crescent • Horticulture • Intensification • Jericho • Mesopotamia • Native Australians • Pastoral society • “Secondary products revolution” • Stateless societies

32. Warm Up • How did agricultural societies alter the ecosystem? • How did pastoral societies differ from agricultural village societies? • How did chiefs successfully govern their people in an agriculture society? • What were the constraints that the Banpo of China faced? • What is the legacy of the Neolithic Revolution?

33. Warm Up CJ • Clear off desk and put out note cards. • Get ready for Quiz • SWBAT- take a quiz and write down new note card terms • HW- read chapter 3 and do new note cards by Friday.

34. WARM – UP: WRITE THE FOLLOWING TERMS ON YOUR NOTE CARDS…. • Code of Hammurabi • Cradle of Civilization • Cuneiform • Egypt “gift of the Nile” • Epic of Gilgamesh • Harappa • Hatshepsut • Hebrews • Hieroglyphics • Hittites • Hyksos • Indus Valley • Mandate of Heaven • Mesopotamia • Minoan civilization • Mohenjo Daro • Zhou dynasty • Norte Chico/Caral • Nubia • Olmec civilization • Oracle bones • Patriarchy • Pharaoh • Phoenicians • Pyramid • Quipu • Rise of state • Salinization • Saningdui • Shang dynasty • Son of Heaven • Teotihuacan • Uruk • Xia dynasty • Ziggurat

35. Chapter 3 First Civilizations; Cities, States, and Unequal Societies Unit One: Technological and Environmental Transformations

36. CJ Warm Up • SWBAT- learn about the ancient civilizations • HW- work on note cards • What was the biggest lasting impact of the agriculture revolution for the good? And the bad?

37. The Emergence of Civilizations • Sumer • Mesopotamia 3500-3000 B.C.E. • First written language (cuneiform) • Egypt • Nile River Valley • Hieroglyphics • Norte Chico • Peru 3000-1800 B.C.E. • 25 urban centers, only import was Maize, no trade • Indus/Sarasawati Valley • Pakistan 3000-2000B.C.E. • Written script un-deciphered • Elaborately planned cities – grid system, weights/measures, brick sizes, etc. • Uncertain government – environmental issues • China • 2200 B.C.E. • Centralized state, dynasties arose (Xia, Shang, and Zhou) • “Son of Heaven” • Written language with oracle bones – culture continued to modern times • Olmec • Veracruz, MX 1200 B.C.E. • Cities created with ceremonial centers • 1st language in Americas in 900 B.C.E. • Influenced Maya and Teotihuacan

38. Origins and Urban Revolution • Developed from competing chiefdoms • Relied on agriculture; stemmed from agriculture • Cities = most distinctive feature • Scale, layout, industries, etc. • Political/Administrative capitals • Cultural production • Art, architecture, literature, ritual, and ceremony • New societies with greater specialization/inequality

39. Warm Up CJ • In what ways were Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations shaped by their interactions with near and distant neighbors? • SWBAT- learn about the first Civ’s and review for the test. • Test on Thursday • Notecards and reading of chapter 4 due on the 20th

40. The Erosion of Equality • Hierarchies of Class • New levels of inequality represent a major turning point in history of humankind • Upper Classes – wealth, no phys. Labor, finest items, top positions in gov’t, religious life, and military. • Free commoners – majority of population (artisans, low level officials, servants/farmers • Resentment, surplus production to upper • Slaves were bottom • Slavery + Civilization emerge together • Rarely sacrificed • Hierarchies of Gender • Women in horticultural society remain equal • War, property, intensive agriculture, role of procreation/nature, inheritance. • David Christian – Women status = Product of growing social complexity • Patriarchy in Practice • Gerda Lerner (Mesopotamia) written law codified patriarchal family life • Regulation of female sexuality, Goddess’ replaced by male deities • Egyptian Patriarchy • Women = own property and slaves, administer and sell land, make own wills, sign own marriage contracts, initiate divorce • Statues and love poetry suggest affection between sexes

41. Rise of the State • Central to the organization/stability • Coercion and Consent • Coordination – irrigation systems, conflicts, defense • Served needs of upper class – farmers give crops to city, labor of public projects, etc. • Divine Right • Mandate of Heaven • Writing and Accounting • Support for state (Andes used knotted strings – quipus) • Fostered literature, astronomy, math, history, threatened rulers • Propaganda, rules, status • Grandeur of Kings • State authority, monumental structures, luxurious dress, and elaborate burials

42. Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt • Environment/Culture • Differing Rivers • Isolation • World Views • Negative Mesopotamian • Positive Egyptian • Mesopotamian ecosystem alteration • Egyptian sustainability • Different political systems • Cities/States • M-city states, many kings, environ. Devastation, outside forces conquer • E-Unified, God-King, agricultural villages, anarchy removes pharaohs

43. Interaction and Exchange • Trade with Mesopotamia • Agriculture and architecture benefited Egypt • Extensive long distance trade • Meso-Indus, Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan • Egypt-Mediterranean and Middle East • Influences • Hebrews, Phoenicians, Indo-Europeans • Neighborly influence • Horse/Chariot based armies, Hittites conquer Babylon, Hyksos invades Egypt • Egypt becomes an imperial state

44. “Civilization”: What’s in a Word? • First Civilizations reveal immense similarities: • Inspiring art • Profound reflections on life • Productive technology • Increased control over nature • Writing • Massive inequalities • State oppression • Slavery • Large scale warfare • Subordination of women • Epidemic disease