The Enlightenment

1. The Enlightenment An introduction to the Restoration Period in England Honors English IV E. Peters

2. The Romantic Movement in British Literature:Group Discussion Lesson • Your group will receive a question that writers of the Romantic Movement considered as they composed their literary works. • Discuss the question among your group members; you will share your responses with the class. • Finally, construct two additional sub-topic questions to include in large group discussion.

3. GROUP #1 Can science tell us how to live?

4. GROUP #2 How does war change our values?

5. GROUP #3 Is emotion stronger than reason?

6. GROUP #4 What can people learn from nature?

7. GROUP #5 When is the ordinary extraordinary?

8. GROUP #6 What can fix society’s problems?

9. Romantic movement poets William Blake William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor coleridge Percy bysshe shelley Lord byron John keats

10. An “enlightened” response to the Dark Ages of the past The Seven Deadly Sins

11. The Renaissance influenced the development of . . . • God’s Creation of Man God’s Creation of Adam: The Humanist view that the proper worship of God involved proper worship of His creation

12. The Enlightenment The Death of Socrates, David 1787

13. The Enlightenment • This period became known as the Age of Reason, because people used reason, not faith, to make sense of the world. • Using reason and the laws of science, one can better understand social, economic and political problems. • If you solve the problems, you improve society for everyone.

14. Human REASON could be used to combat ignorance, superstition and tyranny, and to build a better world. Religion/The Church The Domination of the Aristocracy

15. Science in the Late Middle Ages When beggars die, then are no comets seen: The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes. - Shakespeare

16. Enlightened scientists:Sir Isaac Newton • Set the tone for the era with his work, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687), in which he presented his newly formulated laws of gravity and motion. • His scientific method consists of analyzing facts, developing a hypothesis, and testing through experimentation.

17. Key Figures in the Enlightenment Spoke against religious intolerance, Injustice and the slave trade. Defended the freedom of speech. Voltaire To prevent absolutism and to protect liberties, powers of government should be separated. Montesquieu The general will of the people should rule. The good of the community before the individual. Rousseau

18. Enlightened Philosophers: John Locke • Encouraged people to use their intelligence to rid themselves of unjust authorities. • He rejected the “divine right” of kings. • He asserted the right of citizens to revolt against unfair government, (which provided justification for the Glorious Revolution and the precursor to the American Revolution). Man being…by nature all free, equal and independent, no one can be put out of his estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent.

19. Adam Smith(Enlightened Scottish Economist) “No society can flourish in which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable.”

20. Impact of the Enlightenment on France, England, and America French Revolution Violent upheaval Egalitarian and anticlerical American Revolution Bill of Rights 1st Amendment: freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition 17th Century Revolution More gradual road to democracy Remained saturated with class privilege and still relatively pious

21. Impact upon literature . . . Writers became social observers: • Growing middle class increased demand for middlebrow literature • Journalism became popular • Novels modeled on non-fiction forms • The essay, especially satire, points at society’s problems

22. Satire Alexander Pope Horatian Satire “I am His Majesty’s dog at Kew; And may I ask, whose dog are you?” Jonathan Swift Juvenalian Satire Gulliver’s Travels provides a satirical view of the state of European government and petty differences between religions

23. Two types of satire 1. The Horatian or Sociocentric satire: while criticizing human behavior, this type of satire offers an ideal of right conduct (or "satiric norm") against which to measure its criticism. It optimistically suggests human beings can improve their conduct and amend their ways. 2. The Juvenalian or Egocentric satire: a harsh form of satire that viciously attacks human degeneracy and reflects little or no confidence that human beings can change their evil ways. In other words, the reader has a hard time seeing any satiric norm.

24. Horatian or Juvenalian?

25. Horatian or Juvenalian?

26. Gin Lane an engraving by satirical artist William Hogarth

27. William Hogarth:Marriage a’la Mode Most famous for painting “modern moral subjects”. . . a series of lively, detailed scenes showing how bad behavior (particularly of the aristocracy) leads to ruin.

28. “Know then thyself, presume not God to scan; The proper study of Mankind is Man."         Pope, Essay on Man William Hogarth, Marriage A-la-Mode: The Inspection, 1735.

29. Alexander Popeand the heroic couplet You who seek to give and merit fame, And justly bear a critic's noble name, Be sure your self and your own reach to know, How far your genius, taste, and learning go; Launch not beyond your depth, but be discreet, And mark that point where sense and dullness meet. Nature to all things fixed the limits fit, And wisely curbed proud man's pretending wit. . . . Avoid extremes; and shun the fault of such, Who still are pleased too little or too much. . . . Good nature and good sense must ever join; To err is human, to forgive __________. [can you supply the missing word?].