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You Will Learn?. What physical components are on the system boardHow the system boardTransports dataFollows programming logicCoordinates timing and execution of each processing taskAbout the recent evolution of several system-board componentsHow to set the CPU and system bus frequency for the
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1. Chapter 3 The System Board
2. You Will Learn… What physical components are on the system board
How the system board
Transports data
Follows programming logic
Coordinates timing and execution of each processing task
About the recent evolution of several system-board components
How to set the CPU and system bus frequency for the system board
3. Types of System Boards Primary purpose of system board
To house the CPU and allow all devices to communicate with it
Two popular types
AT (older)
ATX (newer)
AT and ATX differ not in overall performance, but in size, convenience features, type of case into which they fit, and type of power connection they have
5. Summary of AT and ATX Boards
6. System Board Components CPU and its chip set
System clock
ROM BIOS
CMOS configuration chip and its battery
RAM
RAM cache
System bus with expansion slots
Jumpers
Ports that come directly off the board
Power supply connections
7. System Board
8. System Board
9. Selection of a System Board Determines… CPU types and speeds
Chip set on the board
Memory cache type and size
Types and number of expansion slots: EISA, PCI, and AGP
Type of memory: ECC, EDO, SDRAM, SIMMs, or DIMMs
Maximum amount of memory you can install on the board; incremental amounts by which you can upgrade memory
10. Selection of a System Board Determines… Type of case
ROM BIOS
Type of keyboard connector
Presence/absence of proprietary video &/or proprietary local bus slots
Presence/absence of IDE adapters and SCSI controller
Presence/absence of COM ports, LPT ports, and mouse port
11. Considerations when Selecting a System Board Designed so that long expansion cards don’t get in the way of the CPU or other devices?
How many different CPUs can it support?
What bus speeds, type of memory, and system BIOS does it support?
Does it use many embedded devices?
12. Considerations when Selecting a System Board Does it fit the case?
Does it support the legacy cards?
How long is the warranty?
How extensive and user-friendly is the documentation?
How much support does the manufacturer supply?
13. Major Manufacturers of System Boards
14. The System Clock Keeps the beat for system-board activities
Clock frequency
Measured in megahertz (MHz)
Clock speed
Determined by a crystal or oscillator located on the system board
Wait state
A clock tick in which nothing happens
Used to slow down the CPU so the rest of system-board activity can keep up
15. The CPU and the Chip Set Microprocessor chips are made by Intel or one of its competitors
Common model numbers
8088, 8086, 80286, 386, and 486 (historical interest)
Pentium (Intel) or X86 (AMD and Cyrix)
16. Attributes for Rating CPUs CPU speed (average speed for new CPU is about 550 MHz)
Efficiency of programming code
Word size (internal data path size)
Data path
Maximum number of memory addresses (4096 megabytes or 4 gigabytes)
17. Attributes for Rating CPUs Amount of memory included with the CPU (called internal cache, primary cache, level 1, or L1 cache)
Multiprocessing ability
Special functionality
18. Relating CPU Attributes to Bus Architecture Number of memory addresses
Determined by the number of traces, or wires, on the bus that are used for memory addresses
Data path size
Determined by the width of the bus data path, or the number of parallel wires in the bus data path
19. The Earlier Intel CPUs
20. Comparing Chips Bus speed
Speed or frequency at which data moves on a bus
Common speeds: 66 MHz, 75 MHz, 100 MHz, 1433 MHz, and 200 MHz
Memory bus (also called system bus or host bus)
Bus between CPU and memory on the system board
Processor speed
Speed or frequency at which the CPU operates
Usually expressed in MHz
21. Comparing Chips Multiplier
Factor by which the bus speed or frequency is multiplied to get the CPU clock speed
Memory cache
A small amount of faster RAM that stores recently retrieved data, in anticipation of what the CPU will request next, thus speeding up access
22. Memory Cache Terms Internal cache
Memory cache that is faster than external cache and is contained inside 80486 and Pentium chips
Also referred to as primary, Level 1, or L1 cache
External cache
Static cache memory, stored on the system board or inside CPU housing, that is not part of the CPU
Also called level 2 or L2 cache
23. Memory Cache Terms Frontside bus
The bus between the CPU and the memory outside the CPU housing
Backside bus
The bus between the CPU and the L2 cache inside the CPU housing
24. Location of L1 and L2 Caches
25. Types of Pentium CPUs
26. Types of Pentium CPUs
27. Classic Pentium The first Pentium (introduced in 1993)
No longer manufactured
28. Pentium MMX (Multimedia Extension) Targets the home market
Speeds up graphical applications
Performs well with games and multimedia software
29. Pentium Pro Recommended for 32-bit applications that rely heavily on fast access to large amounts of cache memory
First Pentium to offer Level 2 cache inside CPU housing
Popular for computing-intensive workstations and servers
Does not perform well with older 16-bit applications software written for DOS or Windows 3.x
30. Pentium II Designed for graphics-intensive workstations and servers
Works well with 3-D graphic manipulation, CAD, and multimedia presentations
First Pentium to use a slot instead of a socket to connect to the system board
Intel chose to patent Slot 1, forcing competitors to stay with slower socket technology
Can use the 100-MHz memory bus with processor speeds up to 450 MHz
31. Pentium II Celeron processor
Low-end Pentium II processor that targets the low-end multimedia PC market segment
Uses Level 2 cache within processor housing
Works well with Windows 9x
Xeon processor
Fast, high-end Pentium II processor designed exclusively for powerful servers and workstations
Supports up to eight processors in one computer
Recommended for use with Windows NT and UNIX operating systems
32. Pentium III Uses either a slot or a socket
Runs with the 100-MHz or 133-MHz memory bus with a processor speed up to 1 GHz
Introduced Intel’s new performance enhancement called SSE, a new instruction set designed to improve multimedia processing even further
33. Pentium III
34. Pentium III Xeon
High-end Pentium III processor
Runs on the 133-MHz system bus
Designed for mid-range servers and high-end workstations
Uses a 330-pin slot called the SC330 (slot connector 330), sometimes called Slot 2
Is contained within a cartridge called a Single Edge Contact Cartridge (SECC)
35. Primary Pentium Competitors AMD
Cyrix
For the latest information
www.adm.com
www.cyrix.com
www.intel.com
36. The Pentium Competitors
Neither manufactured today; many still in use
AMD K5 offers unusual assortment of clock speeds and bus speeds
Cyrix 6x86 uses external bus speed of 75 MHz, not supported by Intel for its chip set (disadvantage)
37. Competitors of the Advanced Pentiums
38. Competitors of the Advanced Pentiums Cyrix processors use sockets that can also be used by Intel Pentium processors
AMD processors that can run on a 100-MHz system bus use Super Socket 7 that supports an AGP (accelerated graphics port) video slot and 100 MHz system bus
39. Cyrix III Recently acquire by VIA
40. AMD Athlon
41. CPUs That Use RISC Technology CPU is limited to a very few instructions that can execute in a single clock cycle
Can process much faster when few complex calculations are required
Ideal for video or telecommunications applications
Easier and cheaper to manufacture
42. CPU Cooling Fans Maintain temperature at 90 to 110 degrees F
Used to prevent system errors and to prolong the life of the CPU
43. CPU Cooling Fans
44. PPGA Form Factor
45. CPU Slots and Sockets The physical connection used to connect the CPU to the system board
Slots 1 and 2 are proprietary Intel slots
Slot A is a proprietary AMD slot
Current CPU sockets are called zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets and have a small lever on the side of the socket that lifts the CPU up and out of the socket
47. CPU Slots and Sockets
48. CPU Slots and Sockets
49. The Chip Set Set of chips on the system board that collectively controls the memory cache, external buses, and some peripherals
51. Accelerated Hub Architecture of the Intel i800 Series
52. Chip Set Manufacturers Intel Corporation
Cyrix Corporation
Silicon Integrated Systems Corp. (SiS)
Ali, Inc.
Standard Microsystems Corp. United Microelectronics Corp.
VIA Technology, Inc. combined with AMD, Inc.
VLSI Technology
53. Advantages of Intel Chip Sets More compatible with Pentium family of CPUs
Huge investment in research and development has led to invention of:
PCI bus
Universal serial bus
Advanced graphics port (AGP)
Accelerated Hub Architecture
54. ROM BIOS There is one ROM chip on the system board that contains BIOS, which manages the startup process (startup BIOS) and many basic functions of the system (system BIOS)
Identifying name of BIOS manufacturer
Appears at beginning of boot process
On top of the chip (larger than most chips)
55. ROM BIOS Does the BIOS support Plug and Play?
Does the BIOS support large hard drives?
Is the BIOS chip a Flash ROM chip?
56. Plug and Play BIOS Plug and Play
A technology in which the operating system and BIOS are designed to automatically configure new hardware devices to eliminate system resource conflicts (such as IRQ and port conflicts)
Common in ROM BIOS made after 1994
ESCD (extended system configuration data)
57. BIOS Communicating Well with Hardware and Software
58. When BIOS Is Incompatible with Hardware or Software In the past, most users upgraded BIOS because new hardware was incompatible with it
Sometimes need to upgrade BIOS to accommodate new software (such as Plug and Play)
59. Flash ROM EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable read-only memory)
Allows you to upgrade system BIOS without having to replace the ROM chip
60. General Method for Upgrading Flash ROM Set a jumper on the system board telling the BIOS to expect an upgrade
Copy upgrade BIOS software to a bootable disk
Boot from the disk and follow menu options to upgrade the BIOS
Set the jumper back to its original setting, reboot the system, and verify that all is working
61. Sample Web Site for Flash ROM BIOS Upgrades
62. RAM (Random Access Memory)
63. Types of RAM Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Most commonly used type of system memory
Requires refreshing every few milliseconds
Holds data for a very short time
Less expensive than static RAM
Static RAM (SRAM)
Holds data until power is turned off without need for refreshing
More expensive than traditional DRAM
64. Most Popular Types of RAM Modules
65. Prevalent Memory Technologies
66. Kinds of Static Cache Memory L1
Contained on the CPU microchip
L2
External to the chip
Housed either on the system board or inside the CPU case
67. Buses and Expansion Slots Earliest PC
Had only a single and simple bus (8-bit ISA bus)
Today’s PCs
Have four or five buses, each with different speeds, access methods, and protocols
68. Bus Evolution Data path and speed
Local buses (system buses)
Work in sync with the CPU and the system clock
Example: memory bus
Expansion buses
Work asynchronously with the CPU at a much slower rate
Example: ISA bus
69. System-board Buses in Common Use
70. System-board Buses in Common Use
71. Why So Many Buses? Speeds of different hardware components evolve at different rates
Single speed for all components is no longer practical
72. What a Bus Does Draws electrical power
Carries control signals that coordinate all activity
Passes memory addresses from one component to another
Passes data
73. Buses ISA bus
8-bit industry standard architecture bus used on the original 8088 PC
Later revised to have a 16-bit path
Micro channel architecture (MCA) bus
A proprietary IBM PS/2 bus, seldom seen today, with a width of 13 or 32 bits and multiple master control, which allowed for multitaskiing
EISA (extended ISA) bus
32-bit bus that can transfer 4 bytes at a time at a speed of about 20 MHz
74. Buses Universal serial bus (USB)
Designed to make installation and configuration of I/O devices easy, providing room for as many as 127 devices daisy-chained together
Uses only a single set of resources for all devices on the bus
Expected to eventually replace serial and parallel ports
Windows NT does not support it, but Windows 95 with the USB update, Windows 98, and Windows 2000 do
75. USB Ports
76. FireWire or i.Link or 1394 An expansion bus that can also be configured to work as a local bus
Similar in design to USB, using serial transmission of data, but faster
Supports data speeds as high as 1.2 Gbps
Viable option for connecting network cards, camcorders, DVD, and other high-speed, high-volume devices
77. FireWire or i.Link or 1394 Likely to replace SCSI, providing an easy method to install and configure fast I/O devices
Must be supported by the operating system
IEEE 1394.3
New standard developed by the 1394 Trade Association
Designed for peer-to-peer data transmission
78. Local I/O Buses A local bus that provides I/O devices with fast access to the CPU
Must connect to the CPU by way of the memory bus
79. VESA Local Bus Expansion Slot
80. PCI Bus Now the standard local I/O bus not only with Pentium CPUs but also with RISC CPUs
Has a 32-bit data path and runs at 33 MHz when the system board runs at 66 MHz
Advantage
Devices connected to it can run at one speed while the CPU runs at a different speed
Interfaces with the expansion bus and the memory bus, serving as the go-between for the two, controlling the input and output to the expansion bus
81. PCI Bus Expansion Slots
82. Accelerated Graphics Port A slot on a system board for a video card that provides transfer of video data from the CPU that is synchronized with the memory bus
Does not allow for expandability; can only support a single card
Runs at same speed as the memory bus, connects directly to it, and has a 32-bit-wide data path
83. Accelerated Graphics Port Most powerful feature: DIME (direct memory execute)
To work at full potential, system board must run at minimum of 100 MHz
84. Accelerated Graphics Port
86. Audio Modem Riser (AMR) A slot on some newer system boards that can accommodate a small modem card or sound card
Makes it possible to add the card at a low cost without using up a PCI or ISA slot
87. System Board Speeds
88. On-Board Ports Ports that are directly on the system board, such as a built-in keyboard port or on-board serial port
When buying a new computer or system board, look for the ability to disable ports, floppy drive connectors, or hard drive connectors coming directly from the system board by changing the hardware configuration
89. On-Board Ports
90. Hardware Configuration Communicates to the CPU what hardware components are present in the system and how they are set up to interface with the CPU
Provided on system board in four ways:
DIP switches
Jumpers
CMOS
Software
91. Setup Stored on a CMOS Chip Retains data even when computer is turned off
92. Setup Stored on a CMOS Chip
94. Chapter Summary System board
Central site of computer logic circuitry
Location of the most important microchip in the computer, the CPU