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Anatomical Planes and Directions. Why So Many Difficult Words???. Anatomical Position. Definition: A reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions
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Anatomical Position • Definition: A reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions • The body is in a standing posture with the arms at the sides, palms turned forward, feet together and pointed forward, and head pointed forward
Midline • Definition: A reference line extending down the middle of the body, encompassing the vertebral column, spinal cord, and naval
Body Planes • Used to cut the body into smaller sections in order to facilitate study of body cavities, organs, systems, etc. • Especially useful in medical imaging studies
Median Plane • Definition: The midline, longitudinal plane dividing the head and torso into equal right and left halves • The middle sagittal plane • Encompasses the vertebral column and spinal cord
Sagittal Plane • Definition: The longitudinal plane dividing the body into left and right parts • Parallel to the median plane and may be applied to the head, torso, and limbs • Not limited to the midline
Frontal (Coronal) Plane • Definition: The longitudinal plane dividing the body into equal or unequal front and back parts • The term “coronal” is used by radiologists in reference to MRIs and CT scans
Transverse Plane • Definition:The horizontal plane that divides the body or body parts into upper and lower segments • A cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal planes
Craft Time!!!!! • Construct a plane model • No, not a paper airplane… • A 3-D model of the body planes, like this: • Color-code it and label it to help you identify the planes
Left • Definition: To the left side of the midline • References the subject’s left, not your left • Example: The stomach is to the left of the liver
Right • Definition: To the right side of the body or structure being studied • Example: The right lung is bigger than the left lung
Lateral • Definition: Toward the side; away from the midline • Example: The eyes are lateral to the nose
Medial • Definition: Toward the midline: away from the side • Example: The eyes are medial to the ears
Anterior • Definition: Toward the front of the body • Example: The nose is on the anterior side of the head
Posterior • Definition: Toward the back of the body • Example: A mullet is long on the posterior side of the body
Superior • Definition: Toward the top of the body • Example: The shoulders are superior to the hips
Inferior • Definition: Toward the bottom of the body • Example: The liver is inferior to the heart
Dorsal • Definition: Along (or toward) the vertebral surface of the body • Example: The SI joints are on the dorsal surface
Ventral • Definition: Along (toward) the belly surface of the body • Example: The naval is on the ventral surface
Caudal • Definition: Toward the tail • Example: The neck is caudal to the skull
Cephalad • Definition: Toward the head • Example: The neck is cephalad to the tail
Proximal • Definition: Toward the trunk • Describes relative position in a limb or other appendage • Example: The joint is proximal to the toenail
Distal • Definition: Away from the trunk or point of attachment • Example: The hand is distal to the elbow
Visceral • Definition: Toward an internal organ; away from the outer wall • Describes positions inside a body cavity • Example: The organ is lined with the visceral layer of the membrane
Parietal • Definition: Toward the wall; away from internal structures • Example: The abdominal cavity is lined with the parietal peritoneal membrane
Deep • Definition: Toward the inside of a part; away from the surface • Example: The thigh muscles are deep to the skin
Superficial • Definition: Toward the surface of a part; away from the inside • Example: The skin is a superficial organ
Medullary • Definition: Refers to an inner region, or medulla • Example: The medullary cavity is where bone marrow is produced
Cortical • Definition: Refers to the outer region, or cortex • Example: Cortical bone covers the external surface of the bone
Intrinsic Definition: Inherent or inside Example: The lumbricals are intrinsic hand muscles Example: An intrinsic motivation is doing something because it makes you happy
Extrinsic Definition: Outer or from the outside Example: The thumb flexor muscle is an extrinsic hand muscle Example: An extrinsic motivation for doing something is monetary compensation
Valgus Definition: An angulation outward and away from the midline of the body, as exhibited by the distal segment of the bone or joint Example: Someone who is knock-kneed has valgus of the ankles
Varus Definition: An angulation inward and toward the midline of the body, as exhibited by the distal segment of the bone or joint Example: Someone who is bow-legged has varus of the ankles
Ipsilateral • Definition: Situated on or affecting the same side of the body • Example: The right eye and the right ear are ipsilateral body parts
Contralateral • Definition: Situated on or affecting the opposite side of the body • Example: The eyes are on contralateral sides of the head