Phrases

1. Phrases Prepositional phrases Verbal phrases(gerunds, infinitives, participles)

2. Prepositional Phrases The most common and easy to identify phrase is the prepositional phrase. These can be classified as noun or adjective phrases A preposition is a word that begins a prepositional phrase and shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. • A preposition must always have an object. • A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition, ends with an object

3. Prepositional Phrases • I left my keys on the kitchen counter • Around the corner there is a grocery store • The big dog under the tree is mine. You can always take a prepositional phrase out of the sentence and it will still make sense.

4. Gerund Phrases • A gerund always ends in ing and is used as a noun. • Eatingis fun. • The gerund can be a subject (Eating is fun.) • a direct object (I like eating.) • a predicate nominative (A fun time is eating.) • an appositive (A fun time, eating, takes much time.) • an indirect object (I give eating too much time.) • an object of a preposition (I give much time to eating.) • Gerunds can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a gerund phrase. • Example: Eating solid foods is hard for babies. Eating is the gerund used as the subject of the verb is. It has its own direct object foods with the adjective solid, which together make up the gerund phrase eating solid foods serving as the subject of the sentence.

5. Gerund Phrases • Mr. Jones enjoys his work, collecting and repairing old stereos. • Writing a good novel is hard work. • You can start this machine by simply pushing this button.

6. Infinitive Phrases • An infinitive is to plus a verb form. • It can be used as a noun. • Examples: to be, to see, to be seen, to be eaten. • The noun infinitive can be a subject (To eat is fun.) • a direct object (I like to eat.) • a predicate nominative (A fun thing is to eat.) • an appositive (My hope, to travel, never happened.) • an object of a preposition (I want nothing but to save.) • Noun infinitives can have with them direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives or modifiers to form what is called a infinitive phrase. • Example: To eat solid foods is hard for babies. "To eat" is the noun infinitive used as the subject of the verb is, and it has its own direct object "foods" with the adjective "solid," which together make up the infinitive phrase "to eat solid foods" serving as the subject of the sentence.

7. Infinitives as Adjectives Infinitive phrases can also act as adjectives. • Your idea to spend the day together sounds great. (to spend modifies the noun idea) • Joe is the man to see about the job. (to see modifies the noun man) • We have no reason to doubt your sincerity (to doubt modifies the noun reason)

8. Participial Phrases • A participle is used as an adjective and ends in various ways. • A present participle always ends with ing as does the gerund, but remember that it is an adjective. • A past participle ends with ed, n, or irregularly. • Examples: played, broken, brought, sung, seeing, having seen, being seen, seen, having been seen. • Participles modify nouns and pronouns and can precede or follow the word modified. (Do not confuse participles that end in ingwith gerunds. ) • A participial phrase is made up of a participle and any complements (direct objects, predicate nominatives, predicate adjectives, or modifiers) . • Shouting angrily, the man chased the thief. • Exhausted from the hike, Jim dropped to the ground.