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Classification and Assessment

Classification. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)Recognizes causes as uncertainDoes not ascribe to a particular theoryDescriptive not explanatorySpecific criteria usedMulitaxialSome question of reliability/validity. Advantages Disadvantages. Specific

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Classification and Assessment

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    1. Classification and Assessment

    2. Classification Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) Recognizes causes as uncertain Does not ascribe to a particular theory Descriptive not explanatory Specific criteria used Mulitaxial Some question of reliability/validity

    3. Advantages Disadvantages Specific diagnostic material Questionable reliability and validity Too much focus on individual problems Stigma Not sensitive to culture/ethnicity Needs to address external influences

    4. Types of reliability Internal consistency Individual terms are highly correlated with each other. Temporal stability Stability over time. Interrater reliability Level of agreement between two raters.

    5. Types of validity Content Validity Degree to which ontent of the test covers a representative sample of behaviors. Criterion Validity Degree to which the assessment technique correlates with an independent assessment technique.

    6. Cont. types of Validity Construct Validity Degree to which a test corresponds theoretically.

    7. Assessment Assessment techniques may be reliable and valid within one culture but not within another. Types of Assessment: clinical interview mental status exam psychological tests

    8. Types of Assessment Clinical interview Aids in looking at the presenting problem. Focuses on: Identifying data Description of presenting problems Psychosocial history Medical/psychiatric history Medical problems/medication

    9. Cont. Types of Assessment Mental Status Exam Assessment of cognitive functioning Appearance Behavioral observation Orientation Memory Sesorium (focus/concentration/awareness) Perceptual process Mood (prevailing emotions during the interview)

    10. and affect (emotions that the client attaches to objects/ideas Intelligence Thought process Insight Judgment Must consider the client’s cultural background.

    11. Cont. types of assessment Psychological tests more structured than interviews 3 types: cognitive functioning Intelligence Aptitude Achievement personality Objective Projective

    12. Neuropsychological

    13. Cognitive Assessment Intelligence tests: Stanford-Binet by Binet/Simon then translated by Terman of Stanford University. Binet expressed results as Mental Age Terman expressed results as Intelligence Quotient Wechsler Scales included verbal/performance subtests, based on a normal distribution, provided insight into a person’s strengths and weaknesses.

    14. Cont. Cognitive Assessment Aptitude Tests Measures of potential Achievement Tests Measures of mastery

    15. Personality Assessment Objective or Self-report tests MMPI is used to diagnose abnormal behavior MCMI is used to diagnose personality disorders.

    16. Advantages Disadvantages Easy Economical Higher interrater reliability Rely on clients which could lead to a response bias. Tells little about unconscious process. Limited to high functioning individuals.

    17. Cont. Personality Assessment Projective Tests Project psychological needs, drives, and motives. Rorschach Inkblots (Herman Rorschach) Scored by location - area of the blot selected. Determinants - properties such as color, texture. Content - the what Form level - consistency/complexity of the response.

    18. Advantages Disadvantages Less response bias Interpretation not objective. Interpretation not consistent. Lack of standard scoring.

    19. Cont. Personality Assessment Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (Henry Murray) Construct stories about pictures Critique: Pictures are too obvious and don’t allow for projection. Interpretation is subjective.

    20. Neuropsychological Assessment The assessment of organic conditions and their location. 3 primary tests Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery- Tests include: category (assesses abstract reasoning of the frontal lobe)

    21. Cont. neuropsychological tests Rhythm (deficits indicate damage to right temporal lobe) Tactual performance (blindfolded/fit shapes in form) Luria Nebraska Test Battery

    22. Behavioral Assessment Types Functional analysis: look at antecedents/ consequences. Uses direct observation. Behavioral interview - focus on situational factors. Self-monitoring Analogue or contrived measures - role playing. Behavioral rating scales.

    23. Cognitive Assessment Diary: record “where,” “what thoughts,” category, rational response, emotional outcome. More structured test: Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-30)

    24. Physiological measurement GSR measures electrodermal response EEG: brain waves EMG: muscle tension CT scan (tumors, blood clots) PET scan: functioning of the brain MRI: brain structures BEAM: sophisticated EEG

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