Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution World History Chapter 22 & 24

2. I.R. Effects • I.R. led to increase in industrial production • Coal and steam replaced wind and water • Factories replaced shops • Economy = went from farming to manufacturing • People = moved from country to city • Transportation = railroads and steamboats invented • Nature = caused environmental crisis • Began in Great Britain in agriculture in 18th century • More food, cheaper prices, improved diets, more labor in factories, faster production

3. Inventions from the I.R. • James Hargreaves: spinning jenny (yarn maker) • Edmund Cartwright: loom (cloth weaver) • James Watt: steam engine • U.S. became #1 producer of cotton • Henry Cort: (developed puddling) burned all impurities out of crude iron to make it stronger (Bessemer Process) • Robert Fulton: steamboat factories

4. The flying shuttle was the first mechanized loom but it was so fast that thread could not be spun fast enough to keep up with production The spinning jenny solved the problem of running out of thread

5. The Bessemer Process

6. Working conditions in I.R. • Factories created first time for regular hours and fast pace • Dull, repetitive tasks • Strict rules; fired or fined for being late or lazy • 6-7 working days a week • Very hot, low wages, long hours • No retirement or worker’s compensation • Injuries rampant; death common • Losing limbs common for children

8. I.R. in the world • I.R. spread in the 19th century in the U.S., Belgium, France, Germany • Population growth increased as a result • No wars, no major disease, more food, no famine • One exception: Ireland (Great Potato Famine) – • Caused by a fungus that turned potatoes black • 1 million deaths • 2 million move to U.S. • Everywhere else in Europe, populations increased

10. I.R. and the economy • Rise in capitalism created a middle class (called “bourgeois”) – included lawyers, doctors, teachers • Socialism – “laissez faire” literally means hands off’ • Started because of bad conditions in slums, mines, factories • Started by people who wanted equality for all • Karl Marx – most notable • Utopians socialists – create an ideal place or society • Friedrich Engels with Marx wrote Communist Manifesto • Struggle between bourgeoisie (middle class) and the proletariat (working class)

11. “...In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things.   In all these movements, they bring to the front, as the leading question in each, the property question, no matter what its degree of development at the time.   Finally, they labour everywhere for the union and agreement of the democratic parties of all countries.   The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.”  -Karl Marx excerpt taken from The Communist Manifesto

12. End of Chapter 22!

13. Nationalism World History Chapter 24

14. Growth of Nationalism • After Napoleon was defeated, Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia (Germany) wanted to restore the monarchy • Napoleon was replaced with Bourbon Monarchy • Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia became known as the Concert of Europe • Met to discuss steps to maintain peace in Europe • Adopted the Principle of Intervention – countries could send in their army to quell another country’s rebellion • Nationalism - (pride in one’s country) grew

15. Liberalism • Liberalism - (idea that people should be free from restraint) • Originated during the Enlightenment from guys like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu • Believed in the protection of civil liberty (equality before law, freedom of assembly, speech, and press) • Believed in written constitutions

16. European Revolutions • Liberalism and Nationalism caused four major revolutions • Italy: Count Cavour wanted to unite Italy; he succeeded and made Rome the capital • Caused the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 • Caused the Prussian War of 1870 • Austria and Prussia to unify Germany (Prussia = militaristic – glorification of military) • 1860, Prussian King appointed Count Otto Von Bismarck the Prime Minister (he unified Germany)

17. Wars • Bismarck collected taxes, and built an army • Bismarck defeated Denmark (Schleswig and Holstein) • Austria joined Prussia • France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War and Prussia took Alsace Lorraine (future war) and $1 billion francs • Malthusian Cycle – predicted that population would outpace food supply

19. New Age of Science • Science had great impact in European life; faith in science increased and undermined religious faith • Louis Pasteur – germ theory • Dmitri Mendeleev – classified all material elements by atomic weight • Michael Faraday – built a generator that would later be used as a model for electricity • Charles Darwin – wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection • Darwin called this the principle of organic evolution

20.  TO PREVENT THIS LOUIS PASTEUR  DID THIS

21. < Michael Faraday His Dynamo > v How it worked

22. “There is grandeur in this view of life…having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that….from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved” -Charles Darwin

24. STUDY FOR YOUR TEST!