Cell Energy and Enzymes

1. Cell Energy and Enzymes chemical processes enzymes Cell Metabolism • Metabolism • The ________________occurring within a living cell • Necessary for maintaining life • Uses_______________ • Break down or build material the cell needs

2. Cell Metabolism proteins homeostasis faster • Enzymes • Are _____________ • Required for every chemical reaction in an organism • Without, would not be able to maintain _______________ • They do not make the reaction happen that couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make the reaction occur much _________

4. Cell Metabolism catalysts activation energy- • Function of Enzymes • Serve as ____________ • Work by lowering the ________________ energy required to get the reaction started

5. Cell Metabolism pH & temperature used over & over enzyme binds to active site • Characteristics of Enzymes • Work best in a narrow _______________ range • They are not changed or used up in the reaction; can be __________________ again • They are substrate-specific; Because of their shape • Substrate- is what the __________________ • Substrate fits into a portion of the enzyme; where they meet is the ______________

6. Cell Energy ability to do work heterotrophs autotrophs photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts energy O2 CO2 H2O C6 H12 O6 • Energy is the _________________ • We & other organism obtain energy from food; called ________________ • Plants & other organism obtain energy from the sun; called ______________ • Process called ________________, ______________________ • The equation for photosynthesis: ____+ _____ + ______ → _________+____

7. Cell Energy bonds Potential useable energy ATP cannot be used wasteful destructive A. Chemical Energy • Stored in chemical • _________energy • When bonds are broken; converted to _______________ in the form of ______ • Food molecules ________________ directly • The amount of energy released would be _________ and ________

8. Cell Energy Nucleotide Nitrogen 5-carbon 3 B. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate • ___________ composed of: • _________ base- adenine • ________ sugar- ribose • ___ phosphate groups

9. Cell Energy phosphate – phosphate bonds phosphate released uncharged stored recharged • Energy is stored in ______________________ __________. • ATP works like a rechargeable battery. • Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by breaking off or adding a ___________ group • Energy ____________ when phosphate bond is broken & ATP is converted to ADP- adenosine diphosphate • ADP is like an “___________” battery • Energy ___________when phosphate bond is added to ADP making ATP • ATP is “_____________” like a fully charged rechargeable battery

10. Cell Energy Aerobic glucose oxygen ATP eukaryotic mitochondria C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP) C. Cellular Respiration ___________ Energy Production • Cellular respiration • Breakdown of _______ in presence of _______ • To make ________ • Occurs in _________ of ___________ cells • Equation for cellular respiration • _______________________________________

11. Cellular Respiration 2 + 34 2

12. Cell Energy glucose one 3 carbon cytoplasm 2 mitochondria • Steps in making ATP 1. Glycolysis • ____molecule of ________is broken in half • pyruvic acid is formed (________ molecule) • occurs in the___________ • produces ___ ATP’s • Pyruvic acid enters ______________ for next step in CR

13. Cell Energy citric acid Carbon dioxide 2 2. Krebs Cycle • Pyruvic acid is broken down in a series of reactions into __________ • ____________ formed as waste product • Produces ___ ATP’s

14. Cell Energy 3. Electron Transport Chain • ____________electrons from the Krebs Cycle are converted to ATP • ___________ must be present at the end of chain to accept electron • Forms _________ • If oxygen is not present ETC______ ; Krebs ______ Produces on average 34 ATPs TOTAL ATP GAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION = ________ __________________________ High energy Oxygen water stops stops 36 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

15. Electron Transport Chain

16. Cell Energy Anaerobic oxygen is not Glycolysis 2 D. Fermentation - ________ Energy Production Occurs if _________________ available __________ still takes place ___ ATP’s are made for one glucose

17. Cell Energy Muscle oxygen pain, soreness & fatigue oxygen liver anaerobic yogurt & • 2 types of Fermentation 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation: • Human _________ Cells • Occurs when muscles run out of __________ • Muscle switches to fermentation • Lactic acid builds up; causes _____________ _________ • Will switch back to CR when _________ is re-supplied • Lactic acid is sent to ______ to be broken down • Bacteria • some bacteria • during __________ conditions • Utilized by dairy industry to produce _________ __________ cheese

18. Cell Energy Yeast anaerobic brewing & baking 2 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE 2. Alcoholic Fermentation • Occurs in ________ during ___________ conditions • Important in ___________________ industries **TOTAL ATP GAIN IN FERMENTATION = _________________________________**