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Water and Sanitation In Humanitarian Crisis

Water and Sanitation In Humanitarian Crisis. Presented By Roy Hunt, P.Eng. Komex International Ltd. Outline. Elements of a Humanitarian Crisis Humanitarian Crisis Response Importance of Water and Sanitation WatSan Intervention Case Study How to get Involved. IDPs in Sudan Source: CARE.

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Water and Sanitation In Humanitarian Crisis

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  1. Water and SanitationIn Humanitarian Crisis Presented By Roy Hunt, P.Eng. Komex International Ltd.

  2. Outline • Elements of a Humanitarian Crisis • Humanitarian Crisis Response • Importance of Water and Sanitation • WatSan Intervention • Case Study • How to get Involved

  3. IDPs in Sudan Source: CARE Burmese Refugees in Thailand Source: ECHO Elements of a Humanitarian CrisisVulnerable Population • Conflict • Poor Governance • Geographical Isolation • Weak Infrastructure • Lack of Disaster Response Planning • Marginalized Groups • Demographic Shift

  4. Elements of a Humanitarian CrisisCatastrophic Event • Conflict • Pandemics • Famines • Natural Disasters

  5. Elements of a Humanitarian CrisisConflict as a Catastrophic Event • 300,000 people are killed each year • Majority of deaths are civilian • 10 Million International Refugees (2004) • 25 Million Internally Displaced (2004) • 70 to 80% are Women and Children • Extended conflicts often neglected by media • Myanmar, Columbia, Cote D’Ivoire, DRC, Indonesia, Iraq, Nepal, Chechnya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda

  6. Flooding in Bangladesh Source: ECHO Refugees In Burundi Source: ECHO Refugees Pakistan Border Source: MSF Elements of a Humanitarian CrisisSetting • Refugee Camp • Hosted in Local Community • Population in Disaster Area • Population on the Move

  7. Water Provision in Tanzania Source: ECHO Loading Materials Source: OXFAM Rwandan Refugee in DRC Source: MSF Humanitarian Crisis ResponseProcess • Assessment • Mobilization • Program Design • Implementation • Monitoring and Evaluation • Transition

  8. Logistics Source: ICRC Myanmar Source: MSF Food Distribution in Sudan Source: MSF Refugee Registration in Sudan Source: MSF IDP in DRC Source: ECHO Humanitarian Crisis ResponseImportant Aspects • Population Assessment • Site Planning • Logistics • Health Services • Commodity Distribution • Food and Nutrition • Communication • Transport • Hygiene • Water & Sanitation • External Liaison

  9. Importance of Water & SanitationDeveloping Countries - Causes of Death Cause Deaths HIV / AIDS 2,678,000 Respiratory Infections 2,643,000 Heart Disease 2,484,000 Diarrhoeal Disease 1,793,000 Cerebrovascular Disease 1,381,000 Childhood Diseases 1,217,000 Malaria 1,103,000 Tuberculosis 1,021,000 Pulmonary Disease 748,000 Measles 674,000 Communicable Disease Major Cause of Death in Disaster Directly Related to Poor Water and Sanitation Source: WHO 2001

  10. WATER FLIES HANDS Importance of Water & SanitationDiarrhoeal Disease Intervention Effect • ↑ Water Quality • ↑ Water Quantity • Hand Washing • Latrines • All Measures EXCRETA BARRIER BARRIER BARRIER FOOD MOUTH

  11. WatSan InterventionWater Supply Objective To provide safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water to meet communal needs through effective source selection, collection, treatment, storage, and distribution.

  12. Water Supply in Iraq Source: ECHO Albania Water Storage Tank Source: ICRC Rainwater Catchment Source: WSSC WatSan InterventionWater Supply Principles • Give priority to quantity while respecting quality • Directly involve beneficiaries • Avoid the need to treat water (surface water) • For high population concentrations, disinfection is absolutely necessary • Secure a reserve supply and capacity to cover contingencies

  13. Well Construction - Myanmar Source: ICRC Tap Stand - Sudan Source: ICRC Sudan Water Distribution Source: ICRC WatSan InterventionWater Supply Principles • Account for variations in demand, quality, and supply • Ensure equitable distribution • When minimum survival needs can’t be safely met, population must be moved • Minimum survival needs • 7 liters / person / day • Increase to 15-20 liters as soon as possible

  14. WatSan InterventionSanitation Objective Control and manage excreta, solid waste, medical waste, dead bodies, and wastewater Promote best hygiene practice in to create a safer environment and minimize the spread of disease in a disaster affected area

  15. Pit Latrine Construction Source: MSF VIP Latrine Source: WSSC Casting Latrine Slabs Source: WSSC WatSan InterventionSanitation Principles • Take fast action to prevent water supply contamination • Swift provision of a basic system is better than delayed, improved systems • Account for sanitation in site selection and design • Technology should be as simple as possible • Include continuous maintenance of facilities

  16. Tanzania Soap Distribution Source: OXFAM Mosquito Spraying Source: WHO Banda Aceh Body Removal Source: ECHO WatSan InterventionSanitation Principles • Latrines best allocated on a family basis • Refuse disposal arranged on a community basis • Safely dispose of medical waste • Burial arrangements are required from the start • Provide vector control • Preference for environmental measures over chemicals

  17. Establish consultative and participatory structures and work within local structures to support and enhance their long term capacity. Essential when unfamiliar with customs and culture of those being assisted Make full use of resources Local Residents Skilled and Unskilled Labour Public Health Experts National Institutions Materials & Technology Traditional Practices WatSan InterventionCommunity Participation Sudan Source: ICRC

  18. WatSan InterventionIndicators • The crude mortality rate is the number of deaths in a population due to disease, injury and malnutrition • Specific causes of morbidity should be tracked for early detection of epidemics, and indications of inadequate water and sanitation

  19. Project Area Case Study – Sierra Leone

  20. Case StudySierra Leone Civil War • Civil war began with rebel incursions in in 1991 and escalated through decade • Majority of the population was displaced • Cease fire signed in 2001 • Peace process included deployment of over 15,000 UN peacekeepers • Most of the upland areas remained in rebel control with no security or services Peacekeeper Source: BBC Refugees Source: www.sierraleone.org

  21. Case Study - Sierra LeoneBut Not All Bad

  22. Case Study - Sierra LeoneBut Not All Bad

  23. Case Study - Sierra LeoneBut Not All Bad

  24. Case Study - Sierra LeoneBut Not All Bad

  25. Case Study Sierra Leone • Joined Medecins Sans Frontieres in 2001 • Completed Logistic and WatSan Training • Posted to Magburaka, Sierra Leone • After briefing, arrived at project Christmas Eve • Nine month assignment • High security risk

  26. Case Study - Sierra LeoneMSF In Sierra Leone • 60 International Staff • 500 National Staff • Restoring Healthcare • Mental Health • Therapeutic Feeding Centers Amputee Source: BBC Child Soldier Source: BBC

  27. Case Study - Sierra LeoneTonkoliliProject - Local Situation • Returnee population • Medical facilities destroyed, abandoned • High infant mortality • High maternal mortality • Recent shigella outbreaks • High incidence of watsan related diseases • Malaria • Diarrhoea • Respiratory Infections • Parasites

  28. Case Study - Sierra LeoneProviding Primary Health Care Support Large Hospital • Pediatrics & Maternity • Emergency Surgery • Lab Services • Out-Patient Services Health Care in District • Remote Locations • Mobile Clinics • Outbreak Intervention • Mother-Child Healthcare • Psycho-Social Support • Population Monitoring

  29. Human Resources Communications Power Supply Rehabilitation Construction Supply Chain Purchasing Fleet Management Financial Control Water Base Medical Facilities Temporary Facilities Sanitation Latrines Vector Control Waste Disposal Wash facilities Training Case Study - Sierra LeoneLogistics and WatSan

  30. Case Study - Sierra LeoneMagburaka Hospital

  31. Case Study - Sierra LeoneMagburaka Hospital

  32. Case Study - Sierra LeoneSurgery

  33. Case Study - Sierra LeoneHospital Rehabilitation

  34. Case Study - Sierra LeoneAfter Hospital Rehabilitation

  35. Case Study – Sierra LeoneCommunity Health and Hygiene Training

  36. Case Study - Sierra LeoneReconstructed Health Outpost

  37. Case Study - Sierra LeoneProviding WatSan at Refugee Transit Station

  38. Case Study - Sierra LeoneLatrine Construction

  39. Many groups 1,000 in 1951 16,000 in 1990 Differences Philosophy Area of focus Engagement Capacity Security International Confederation of the Red Cross/Crescent Medecins Sans Frontieres Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief Maintains a roster of emergency professionals for short term assignments with other agencies www.reliefweb.int Job posting site for INGO’s How to get InvolvedInternational Organizations

  40. Thank You for Your Time Questions and Discussion

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