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75 Years of Accelerator Innovation in the UK (a personal viewpoint of highlights)

75 Years of Accelerator Innovation in the UK (a personal viewpoint of highlights). M W Poole. Birth of Particle Physics and Accelerators. 1909 Geiger/Marsden MeV a backscattering - Manchester 1919 Rutherford disintegrates Nitrogen - Manchester

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75 Years of Accelerator Innovation in the UK (a personal viewpoint of highlights)

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  1. 75 Years of Accelerator Innovation in the UK(a personal viewpoint of highlights) M W Poole BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  2. Birth of Particle Physics and Accelerators • 1909 Geiger/Marsden MeVa backscattering - Manchester • 1919Rutherford disintegrates Nitrogen - Manchester • 1927Rutherford demands accelerator development Particle accelerator studies - Cavendish • 1929Cockcroft and Walton start high voltage experiments • 1932 The prize achieved: Cockcroft + Walton split Li !!!! ‘High’ voltage generation is UK achievement at this stage – brute force UK grid initiated (132 kV) and industrial base started BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  3. Walton, Rutherford, Cockcroft - April 1932 Start of the modern era – particle accelerators Nobel Prize - 1951 BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  4. Cockcroft-WaltonGenerator ISIS 665 kV Removed 2005 200keV was enough for C-W ! BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  5. ResonantAcceleratorConcept Alternating (radio frequency) fields allow higher voltages The acceleration occurs in the electric field between cylindrical drift tubes. The RF power must be synchronised with the motion of the electrons, so that acceleration occurs in every cavity. This naturally produces bunches of electrons Linear Accelerator = LINAC Ising - 1924 , Wideroe - 1928 BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  6. Recirculation Concept - Cyclotron Radio frequency alternating voltage D-shaped RF cavities time t =0 Lawrence: 4” – 80 keV 11” - 1.2 MeV Hollow metal drift tubes time t =½ RF period Orbit radius increases with energy Expensive/impractical for high energies (1 GeV) Synchronisation Necessary BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  7. Early (UK) History (Synchro)Cyclotrons Berkeley (Lawrence) 60” (1939) Liverpool 37” 20 MeV (1939) Harwell 110” 175 MeV (1949) Liverpool 156” 380 MeV (1954) (extraction) Linacs Harwell 3.5 MeV (1947) 15 (Mullard), 55 (Met Vickers), 136 MeV Synchrotrons Woolwich Arsenal - Goward & Barnes 8 MeV (1946) (Betatron 1943) Malvern 30 MeV (1950) Oxford 125 MeV (1952) Birmingham 1 GeVp (1953) Glasgow 350 MeV (1954) NIMROD RAL7 GeV p (1960) NINA DL5 GeV (1966) Clatterbridge Oncology Centre 65 MeV BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  8. Synchrotron Ring Schematic Bending magnets Accelerating cavity Vacuum tube Focusing magnets Alternative to cyclotron BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  9. Daresbury Laboratory - 1964 BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  10. Chadwick’s 75th Birthday – Daresbury Event BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  11. The NINA Synchrotron BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  12. Grand Opening of NINA - 1967 BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  13. Accelerators in Space Crab Nebula BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  14. Synchrotron Radiation – New Particle Accelerator Applications Accelerating charged particles emit electromagnetic radiation • very inconvenient for circular electron accelerators ! • 1972 Scientific use started at Daresbury by Manchester group • 1974SRS Design Study (NINA replacement) • 1980SRS commissioning (world’s first dedicated x-ray source) • 1987 High brightness upgrade • Many pioneering additions: • superconducting wigglers undulators precision beam steering high currents • 2008Project termination BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  15. Electron Acceleration Cone angle = 1/g Daresbury SRS – An Electron Storage Ring World’s first dedicated x-ray source - 1980 80 keV 2 GeV Linac Storage Ring Booster Beamlines 600 MeV 12 MeV Stored beams for several days ! Pioneering magnetic insertion devices BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  16. The End of NINA BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  17. Insertion Devices Normal Straight With Insertion Device SRS Superconducting Wavelength Shifter 6.0 Tesla BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  18. TheNobelPrize:F1 ATPase structure • Sir John Walker shared 1997 Nobel Prize for Chemistry - structure of the F1 ATPase enzyme, using the SRS BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  19. Alternative Compact Light Source 700 MeV 4.5 T Designed by Daresbury Accelerator Team Sold by Oxford Instruments to IBM in 1990 - lithography Operated successfully for 10 years BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  20. DIAMOND Construction (late 2005) BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  21. DIAMOND on RAL Site BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  22. Another Synchrotron Application – ISIS Spallation Source At RAL site – operational since 1983, replacing NIMROD 800 MeV protons, 200 µA, 160 kW on tungsten target ~2×1016 neutrons/second (mean) from spallation • H– ion source (17 kV) • 665 kV H– RFQ • 70 MeV H– linac • 800 MeV proton synchrotron BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  23. Target Capture Proton Driver Exotic Applications – UK Host a Neutrino Factory ? High current H– source ‘far’ detector (5000–8000km) Muon Storage Ring Cooling Muon Acceleration ‘local’ detector ‘near’ detector (1000–3000km) BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  24. MICE Project Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment Under construction at RAL – muon beam from ISIS BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  25. Front End Test Stand at RAL (FETS) • FETS planned main components: • High brightness H- ion source. • Magnetic Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT). • High current, high duty factor Radio Frequency Quadrupole. • Very high speed beam chopper. • Comprehensive diagnostics. Demonstration of injector for multi-MW source BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  26. Laser Wake Field Acceleration • UK has long term role via CLF/HEI teams • ASTeC supports theory team - major computations • CCLRC participates in ALPHA-X project • Wave breaking regime experimental successes • Compact x-ray source demonstration planned • CLF based collaboration has demonstrated 1 GeV • ASTRA-Gemini upgrade (2007) gives more opportunities BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  27. Daresbury Laboratory in 2000 BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  28. Electrostatic Monster: the NSF • 1936 van der Graaff pioneers electrostatic solution (2.5MV) • 19616 MeV machine at Liverpool (Manchester collaboration) • 1972 Design Study of 20-30 MV facility at Daresbury • 1974 Civil construction starts • 1983 NSF commissioned • 1992Closure World’s highest voltage machine No nuclear physics replacement BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  29. Seriously high voltages ! BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  30. Energy Recovery Linac Principle Converts linac to high current capability Courtesy G Neil BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  31. Demonstrator Project - ERLP Layout Chirped beam compression ~100 fs FEL included: BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  32. EMMA atDaresbury Novel form of FFAG – project funded from April 2007 20 MeV demonstrator £5.6M (£3.8M capital £1.8M staff) Duration 3.5 years (2.5 to beam) BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  33. ERLP Photo-Gun Assembly – New Technology Cathode ball Ceramic SF6 Vessel removed Cathode Electrons laser XHV Stem Anode Plate Courtesy: David Holder BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  34. ERLP Status BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  35. 4GLS Concept - Multiple Sources 4th generation light source Incorporating advanced accelerator technology beam splitter high average current loop BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  36. The Skill Base: STFC and the HEIs • Accelerator Science and Technology Centre created 2001 • Cockcroft + John Adams Institutes created 2004 • Multi-HEI collaborations grant funded 2004-2008 • Healthy programmes but major technology infrastructure lacking • STFC accelerator R&D strategy under review • Next Major UK project ? • Century celebration must be aim BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

  37. Sir John Douglas Cockcroft FRS (1897-1967) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 BASROC Launch May 07 M W Poole

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