Review Part II

1. Review Part II Urban Geo, Cultural Geo (Pop, Folk, Lang., Ethnicity, Religion), Population and Migration

2. Urban Geo • Defining urban geo: • Hinterland • Nucleated (clustered) vs dispersed settlement • Deindustrialization = post industrial city • Employment structure = type of jobs (primary, tertiary, etc.) • Commercialization- selling goods/service for profit

3. Urban Geo • CBD is very accessible, easiest part of city to get to– center of transp. network • Retail Services becoming less important in CBD • High thresh., high range., serving DT workers • High costs in CBD from competition (bid rent) and accessibility • Excluded activities (residential and industry) • Intensive land use (vertical geography- above and below ground!)

4. Urban Geo • Deindustrialization changes the urban landscape- ports/warehouses turned into museums, parks or other service activity • Residents flee city life to live in suburbs • Own home, big land, better schools, better atmosphere

5. Urban Geo • CBDs outside NA • Less commercial services; more residential • Old historic CBDs; churches and palaces most important/tallest (usually) • Narrower streets cater to pedestrians, not cars • Land is more expensive • Poor in suburbs; wealthy in/closer to CBD • Skyscrapers in suburbs • Europe has dendritic (root-like) street pattern, not grid

6. Urban Geo • Models: • Concentric zone • Sector • Multiple nuclei • Peripheral model • Latin America Model • Asian Model • African Model

7. Urban Geo • Concentric zone • Rings of land use/activities: poor wealthy in outer rings • Cycle of invasion and succession • Sector • City grows in wedges along certain areas: waterfront housing, transportation lines

8. Urban Geo • Multiple nuclei • City has more than one center = has multiple “nodes” that attract different activities • Airport node attracts hotels and restaurants, while university node attracts coffee shops and apartments • This gives us the urban realms concept with “suburban DTs • Incompatible activities will segregate themselves • High class housing located further away from industry and low class housing

9. Urban Geo • Latin America Model • Wealthy spine (sector) extending from CBD; slums/squatter settlements/shantytowns in periphery • African Model • 3 separate CBDs: colonial, traditional and market zone • Asian Model • Located on ports for trade- city grows out from port • Entrepots- cities that re-export goods around world • Islamic cities • City layout based off Quran; Mosque most important; bazaar; structures built to protect the purity of women

10. Urban Geo • Social area analysis uses census data to map neighborhoods • Squatter settlements/slums/shantytowns • Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (favelas); Mumbai, India; and any other megacity in an LDC • Occurs because infrastructure cannot keep up with rapid urban growth (urbanization) • People come to city to find job, job is not there, can’t go home, must stay and build own house

11. Urban Geo • Inner city issues • Poor housing conditions • Filtering: diving large house into multiple living areas; becomes dilapidated and owner abandons poor residents move further away to find housing • White flight- whites moving out due to the incoming blacks • Blockbusting- illegal practice of real estate agent buying house from whites at low $ and selling it a higher price to incoming blacks • Redlining- illegal loan practices

12. Urban Geo • Urban renewal • Gentrification by govt’s and middle class • Pushes lower income out now that property is worth more • Changes traditional ethnic make up of city (Chicago)- more whites in inner city, minorities pushed further out • Revitalizing the CBD

13. Urban Geo • Trapped in a permanent underclass in a culture of poverty • Characteristics • Clustering of ethnicities = self segregating • Eroding tax base of inner city • Poor residents cannot pay taxes for the services they demand • 2 choices: reduce services or raise tax revenues by attracting businesses to employ inner city residents = more tax paying citizens

14. Urban Geo • Annexation- taking on parts of a city • MSA = accounts for wide zone of influence between cities • BosNyWash megalopolis/corridor along East coast • Peripheral model • Shows sprawl/edge cities • Ring road/beltway ties city together

15. Urban Geo • Density gradient decreases with distance from the center = less densely populated in suburbs; slight bounce back closer to city because of gentrification/revitalization efforts • Sprawl • Eating up fertile farm land- waste of land • Highways facilitated- connecting suburbs with CBD/other suburbs • Smart growth- infill development • Green belts in UK

16. Urban Geo • Suburbs segregated in 2 ways • Social classes (ethnicity clustering together) and land use (zoning) • “sandwiching” the poor: middle class moves in inner city, poor moves out to inner suburbs, wealthy who didn’t go back to CBD move out to suburbs

17. New Urban Model? Poor older suburbs CBD Gentrified inner-city: middle class Middle class: Newer homes

18. Urban Geo • Business moving to suburbs • Retailers move to where customers are • Need automobiles • Factories: highway access, cheaper land • Offices: no traffic of inner city: netter proximity for workers to homes; low income people may face difficulties getting to jobs in suburbs

19. Urban Geo • Transportation and Suburbanization • 4 eras: walking/horse; trolley car/trains; car; highway/freeways • Cities are congested with traffic • Public transportation? • Better in European cities (more subsidies) • US places high value on owning a vehicle • Planned community • Gated, age restricted • Levittowns, leap-frog development

20. Urban Geo • Urban Hierarchies • By size: hamlet, village, towns, cities, metropolis, megalopolis • By influence (in world economy): World cities; alpha, beta, gamma • 3 world cities: London, Tokyo, NY • Emerging cities- experiencing growth • Gateway cities- connect two places: Ellis Island/Boston for European immigrants; San Francisco for Asian immigrants; St. Louis for Manifest Destiny pioneers- crossing Miss. R.

21. Urban Geo • Multiplier effect: development spurs development = if more roads need to be built, then those builders need homes, gas stations, etc. • Feudal system • Kings gave Lords land in exchange for loyalty; Lords gave serfs (peasant) land in exchange for military service • Enclosure movement in UK: Combined individual strips into single farm; displaced some farmers to cities: allowed people to go to factories during IR

22. Urban Geo • Large Size • Don’t know most of people in settlement, contractual relationships • High Density • Specialization, compete for survival- stronger group survives • Social Heterogeneity • Bigger settlements = more variety - find people with similar interests/values. Isolation?

23. Urban Geo • Central Place Theory • Nesting pattern of cities in overlapping hexagons • Central place is a CBD; some have larger ranges and need larger threshold than others • Low order vs high order service • Hinterland • Gravity model

24. Urban Geo • Periodic markets: Exist where demand is not sufficient to maintain a permanent market • Part of informal economy • Rank size rule: second largest city has ½ population of largest, third largest has 1/3, etc. • Primate city rule: largest city is 2X the population of second largest city; the largest city = the primate city

25. Urban Geo • Problems in urban areas • Counterurbanization: to rural areas or exurbs • Urban hydrology: getting clean water to citizens • Urban heat island effect: cities are warmer than suburbs due to morphology • Urban morphology: street patterns and other physical forms of the city • Black top streets and metal buildings absorb and hold in heat longer than a natural landscape does

26. Urban Geo • Modern architecture: boxy structures, concrete and glass • Post modern architecture: blends historical with modern touches; style used by gentrifiers = attracts high end residents • Restrictive covenants = deed restrictions • No boats in front yard, no parking in street, etc. • Creative class attracted to diverse places, i.e. cities. Cities therefore are more innovative

27. Cultural Geo- Pop v Folk • Material culture- tangible artifacts • Built environment- impact of humans on the landscape • Non material culture- religion, folklore, superstitions • Cultural landscape- culture reflected through the built environment • Adaptive strategy- how you adapt your culture to a new one

28. Cultural Geo- Pop v Folk • Folk culture • Clustered, small area of influence; small group • makes landscape unique; connection to enviro. • relocation diffusion • Info passed down from generation to generation • Consists of homogenous people in the culture- keep others out • Folk culture may become globalized and made “popular” ; commodification

29. Cultural Geo- Pop v Folk • Pop culture • Fast diffusion (expansion: hierarchical, contagious, stimulus) • Ignores environment- pollution, golf courses • Hearth is in an MDC • Consists of a heterogeneous group of people in the “global culture”, but creates a homogenous group? • All wearing jeans, listening to same music • Uniform landscapes and placeslessness • Can destroy local/folk cultures: globalization vs local diversity

30. Cultural Geo- Pop v Folk • Cultural appropriation- taking elements of one culture and absorbing it into another (usually folk swallowed by pop) • Assimilation- dying out of old culture as it becomes replaced with culture where now living • Acculturation- cultural change upon direct contact with a different culture

31. Cultural Geo- Pop v Folk • Rural local (more isolated, easier to maintain) and urban local (clustered to keep values within group, live in ethnic neighborhoods) cultures • Terroir- effects of local environment on food (wine) • Food preferences adapt to enviro and culture • Little Sweden, Kansas • Food taboos with religions

32. Culture- Pop v Folk • Satellites help spread global culture • Negative Impacts of Pop culture • Increased demand/depletion of natural resources • Animal consumption (chicken, beef) leads to grain depletion (feed) • Pollution • Pop culture produces waste (Garbage can Ghana)

33. Cultural Geo- Language • Language is the ability to communicate with others • Monolingual (one) vs multilingual (more than one) countries • Learning new language is example of an adaptive strategy • Lingua franca: language of trade and business • World: US • Regional: Mandarin in Asia; Swahili in Africa

34. Cultural Geo- Language • Mutual intelligibility- speakers of different languages are unable to understand each other, but speakers of 2 dialects of same language will achieve mutual understanding • Language shapes out thoughts, makes people recognizable to others of the same culture • Assimilation policies forbid local cultures to use its language • Loss of language = becoming invisible; thinking in someone else’s language

35. Cultural Geo- Language • English- most widely spoken; not official language of US! • Mandarin- most spoken in world • Origin of English • Germanic tribes go to British Isles (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) • Norman invasions of British Isles add French in to mix • Celts flee to Ireland, Wales

36. Cultural Geo- Language • Statue of Pleading changes court/law proceedings to English • BRP= British Received Pronunciation/ “King’s English” • Printing Press- grammar books and dictionaries printed to diffuse standard language in England

37. Cultural Geo- Language • Dialects: differ in vocab, pronunciation (syntax), and spelling • Isogloss- boundary of a language • Pidgin language: mixture of language- breaking down to simplest forms • Trade language is MADE UP • Creole language- blending of indigenous language with that of the colonizer’s

38. Cultural Geo- Language • Language Family (Indo-European) • Sub families/branch (Germanic) • Group (west Germanic) • Individual language (English) • Dialect (BRP) • Branches of langauge comes from language divergence due to isolation from other speakers (1 language into 2) • Pyrenees Mnts creates splits Latin into French and Spain

39. Cultural Geo- Language • Language Families • Indo European (From India to Europe) • Sino-Tibetan • Afro-asiatic • Niger-Congo • Altaic • Uralic

40. Cultural Geo- Language • Indo-European branches • Germanic • Indo-Iranian (India-Iran; some written in Arabic) • Balto-Slavic (East Europe; Cyrillic vs. Roman Alphabet) • Romance (from Latin; physical borders = isoglosses; Roman Empire collapse leads to isolation of speakers and creation of new languages ) • French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian

41. Cultural Geo- Language • Treaty of Tordesillas- line that divided world into Spanish controlled West and Portuguese controlled East = why Latin America speaks Spanish and Brazil speaks Portuguese • Comparing Europe's linguistic and political maps shows a high correlation between the languages spoken and the boundaries of countries • Toponym- place name

43. Cultural Geo- Language • Proto-Indo-European (PIE) = first Indo European speaker? • Nomadic warrior/Conquest Theory • PIEs were Kurgans from Russia/Kazakhstan who used horses and weapons to conquer and spread language • Sedentary Farmer Thesis/Dispersal Hypothesis • PIEs from Anatolia (Turkey) who diffused language by trading food; populations grew so speakers grew • Nostraic language- Pre PIE! First language of world?

44. Cultural Geo- Language • Languages disappear as speakers adopt other languages or the speakers die out. • Extinct languages • Political dominance or cultural preferences cause one group to use another language over a local one • Hebrew is an extinct languages that is being revived • Preserving endangered languages: Celtic, Basque

45. Cultural Geo- Language • Multilingual state- more than one language in use • Belgium: North Flanders (Flemish) and South Walloons (French) = Conflict • Switzerland: peaceful coexistence between multiple languages because of federal govts • US (English and Spanish), Canada (English and French), India (20+ official languages) • Monolingual states- only one language in use • Japan, Demnark, Iceland • Due to migration and diffusion, no country is truly monolingual

46. Cultural Geo- Religions • YOU HAVE A CHART THAT OUTLINES THE MAJOR RELIGIONS!!!! Refer to that for info!! • Monotheistic- one god • Polytheistic- many gods • Secularists- separate religion from all aspects of society • Atheists- do not believe in any existence of God • Jainism

47. Cultural Geo- Religions • Universalizing- proselytizing: diffusing through missionaries (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) • Ethic religion- born into faith, do not seek converts • Christianity- most adherents • Islam- fastest growing • Theocracy- state ruled by religious leaders (mostly in Islam; Sharia Law- state law based on Quran)

48. Cultural Geo- Religions • Christianity • Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant (Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran) • Church • Jesus’ teachings; Bible • Roman Empire diffused • Pope is head (in Vatican City) • Protestant reformation created the Protestant branch- Martin Luther’s 95 Thesis

49. Cultural Geo- Religions • Islam • Youngest religion; led by imams • Muhammad founder; Allah is God • Quran • 5 pillars of faith (know them) • Hajj to Mecca (holist city) • Mosque with minarets • Shiite (minority, except in Iran and Iraq) and Sunni branches (majority worldwide, Indonesia has most Muslims in world)

50. Cultural Geo- Religions • Judaism • Star of David • Torah and Talmud are holy books • God called Yahweh • Fighting war in Israel/Jerusalem: struggle between Jews and Muslims (Palestinians) over holy lands • Islam- Dome of the Rock: where Muhammad ascended into heaven • Judaism- Western Wall/Wailing Wall • Christianity- Church of Holy Sepulture- Where Jesus was crucified and buried