Interdependence and adaptation

1. Adaptations Interdependence and adaptation

2. Summary of Specification • Adaptations for survival • Adaptations for survival in deserts and the Arctic. • Adaptations to cope with specific features of the environment. • Extremophiles

3. Learning Outcomes • Observe adaptations of a range of organisms. • Explain how organisms are adapted to survive in their habitat.

4. Learning Objectives • To be able to identify special adaptive features of animals • To appreciate how adaptations allow an animal to survive in hostile environments • To recognise the adaptations of plants for different environments

5. Adaptations • Living things adapt to their environment. • Watch the video clip, and then try to fill in the table explaining how the creature is adapted to it’s environment.

6. Adaptations in different animals • Look at the animals on the worksheet, for each one try to give where it lives and an example of how it is adapted for survival in its environment.

7. Adaptations in different animals • Look at the animals on the worksheet, for each one try to give where it lives and an example of how it is adapted for survival in its environment.

8. Adaptations

9. Adaptations • You need to be able to: • Explain how animals are adapted for survival in arctic and desert environments in terms of: • Body size and surface area • Thickness of insulating coat • Amount of body fat • Camouflage • Explain how plants are adapted to survive in arid conditions • Suggest how organisms are adapted to the conditions in which they live.

10. Pupil Activity • Surviving in different environments. • Read all information carefully • Answer questions 3 - 9

11. Adaptations to seasonal changes • Hibernation – animals build up a fat layer and sleep through the worst of the winter months. • Migration – animals move off to warmer climes. • Insulation – many animals grow thicker fur. • Leaf shedding • Food storing

12. Learning Outcomes • Describe and explain adaptations for survival in the Arctic. • Describe and explain adaptations for survival in a desert.

13. Adaptation • An adaptation is a feature that allows an organism to survive in the environment in which it lives. • Examples • Polar bears and Arctic foxes are adapted to survive in the Arctic • A camel and the Fennec fox are adapted to live in hot arid (desert) conditions

14. Adaptations of a polar bear to Arctic conditions Small head and ears White fur Compact body shape Thick layer of fur Thick layer of fat

15. Adaptation of a camel to arid conditions Fatty hump Thin hair on top of body Nostrils which can close Two rows of eyelashes Long legs and neck No hair on underside of body Sandy colouring Little body fat

16. Camel – designed for desert conditions A camel’s hump is a fat store. It can break down fat to release water. A camel can drink large amounts of water. Its mouth is tough so that it can eat thorny plants like cacti. Coarse wool on top of its body protects the camel from the sun. Big flat feet stop it sinking into the sand. Short hair underneath the camel lets heat escape.

17. For each of the adaptations labelled on the polar bear and the camel Explain how each adaptation helps the animal survive in the conditions where it lives Pupil Activity

18. Adaptations - Camel

19. Adaptations – polar bear

20. Adaptations of the house leek to rocky outcrops Fleshy green leaves Short stem Waxy, shiny outer covering to the leaves Long roots

21. Adaptations to water lossa cactus in the desert • Leaves reduced to spines – to reduce water loss through stoma • Swollen stem stores water • Wide spread root systems to increase surface area for absorption.

22. Pupil Activity • For each of the adaptations labelled on the house leek • Explain how each adaptation helps plant survive conditions on a rocky outcrop.

23. Adaptations – House leek

24. Pupil Activity Arctic Fox Fennec Fox

25. Adapted to extremeswww.BBC.co.uk/Nature/Adaptations • Adaptation to extremes encompasses all the special behaviours and physiologies that living things need to withstand the planet's harshest conditions and environments. • Whether it's a lack of oxygen at altitude, the searing heat of deserts or the bitter cold of the polar regions, plants, animals and other organisms have evolved a multitude of coping strategies.

26. Adapted to extremeswww.BBC.co.uk/Nature/Adaptations • Adaptations • Watch the video clips • Make notes on the adaptations shown by the animals or plant in the video clips • The environments shown will include • Altitude tolerant • Chemical tolerant • Cold tolerant • Dry tolerant • Fire tolerant • Heat tolerant

27. Homework - Prep • To draw labelled diagrams of a plant or animal, describing the adaptation and detailing the survival advantage of each adaptation.

28. Learning Outcome • Define the term extremophile and be able to give general examples.

29. extreme environments • Environmental extremes for small plants and animals on the Antarctic Peninsula • Write out a list of environmental conditions you think that an organism living on the Antarctic peninsula

30. Antarctic conditions • Extreme cold in the winter • Fairly mild summers (up to 45 °F), with rock and moss surface temperatures of up to 70 °F • Very short growing season each year for the plants that provide food for small organisms • Intense ultraviolet light due to the hole in the ozone layer • High winds on small islands • Extreme dryness • Exposure to high acidity, due to immersion in penguin guano (waste) during summer breeding season • Possible immersion in both salt and freshwater due to weather and tides in the summer

31. Prep • Draw a labelled diagram of an animal or plant adapted to survive on the Antarctic peninsula. • This organism can be real or fictitious

32. Extremophiles • Extremophiles are adapted to live in extreme environments. • Extremophiles can be tolerant to • High salt levels • High temperatures • High pressure • As the conditions are extreme, there are very few other organisms to compete with.

33. Extreme temperatures • Extreme high temperatures can be found around hot springs or hydrothermal vents.

34. Most organisms will die at temperatures about 40oC because proteins and enzymes in their bodies breakdown (denature). • Bacteria that can survive in these places have enzymes that do not denature at high temperatures of greater than 60oC.

35. Hydrothermal vents • Deep in the ocean, water pressure is great and there is no light. • Bacteria are the producers in these communities and they make sugars using chemical energy released from the hydrothermal vents (chemosynthesis).

36. Populations and competition Interdependence and adaptation

37. Summary of specification • Organisms require materials from their surroundings and from other organisms to survive. • Plants compete for light, space, water and nutrients. • Animals compete for food, mates and territory.

38. Learning Outcomes • List factors that affect the survival of organisms in their habitat. • Give examples of resources that plants and animals compete for in a given habitat. • Describe adaptations that some organisms have to avoid being eaten. • Interpret population curves.

39. What is an Ecosystem?

40. The Environment • An ecosystem is an environment where living organisms can survive. • Each ecosystem is made up of Habitats and Communities

41. Habitat -This is the place where the organisms live. It has the conditions that they need to survive. • Community – all the living organisms that live in the habitat.

42. Physical Factors • Each ecosystem has a set of environmental factors. • Organisms live, grow and reproduce in places where, and at times when, conditions are suitable. • These factors vary according to the time of day and the time of year.

43. Physical Factors • Availability of water • Temperature • Few living organisms can grow outside the range of 0oC to 40oC. • Light Intensity • photosynthesis in plants, animals need light for visibility. • Availability of carbon dioxide and oxygen

44. Pupil Activity • Environmental factors affecting life • Read all the information supplied on the sheet carefully. • Answer questions 3-5 and 8-11 in full sentences.

45. Factors affecting population size

46. Populations • A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular habitat at the same time. • The number of individuals present in the population will depend on how they can interact with two types of factor.

47. Populations • Biotic (living) • food, disease, predation, mates, effects of humans, and competition • Abiotic (non living) • water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature and light intensity

48. Populations • Populations need things called resources to grow. • Organisms that are better suited (adapted) to compete are more likely to survive and have offspring

49. Competition for Resources • Plants and animals compete for resources. • Plants often compete with each other for space, and for nutrients and water from the soil. • Animals often compete with each other for space, water and food.

50. Competition • Competition between members of the same species • Organisms produce more offspring than can survive • This leads to competition • If there is plenty of food the population is likely to increase, if food is depleted it is likely that population size will decrease