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Populations and Interdependence

Populations and Interdependence. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.coral-reefs.org/assets/images/symbiosi2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.coral-reefs.org/coral-reef-symbiosis-threats.html&h=135&w=92&sz=82&tbnid=IWewOVkefE0J:&tbnh=135&tbnw=92&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=3.

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Populations and Interdependence

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  1. Populations and Interdependence http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.coral-reefs.org/assets/images/symbiosi2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.coral-reefs.org/coral-reef-symbiosis-threats.html&h=135&w=92&sz=82&tbnid=IWewOVkefE0J:&tbnh=135&tbnw=92&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=3

  2. I. Niche A. The physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and how it interacts with those conditions B. Examples 1. birth of animals and temperature 2. regulation of body temperature

  3. II. Species Interaction A. Symbiosis 1. living together B. Natural Selection by Evolution 1. those organisms with favorable adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those without such variations

  4. 2. Examples Rattlesnake – acute sense of smell heat sensitive pits under each nostril http://www.desertusa.com/may96/du_rattle.html

  5. 2. Examples Tiger – striped coat http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GreatCats/ Tiger Cub

  6. 2. Examples Spider - web A orb weaver web anchored in a fork of a peach tree in winter A still alive Damselfly in a web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web

  7. 2. Examples Shark – inward curving teeth Sand Tiger Shark http://books.google.com/books?id=vP00wM34dgEC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=shark+inward+curving+teeth&source=web&ots=PUb4mg7k7C&sig=vmn4vPwOz8FFWb9b-sQHc7gOjS0&hl=en#PPA16,M1

  8. 2. Examples Trees – triangular shape http://www.urbantree.org/valley_oaks.asp

  9. C. Competition 1. when organisms compete for the same resources – results from fundamental niche overlap http://www.crystalinks.com/peacocks.html

  10. D. Predators 1. Predators a. animals that seek out and kill other organisms 2. Prey a. the hunted http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/predation/predation.html

  11. 3. Mimicry a. an organism resembles a poisonous or distasteful organism b. examples 1) bees and wasps http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/BeesMimicry.htm http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/WaspsMimicry.htm

  12. b. Examples 2) praying mantis http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/praying-mantis.html

  13. b. Examples 3) Eastern Coral Snake and Scarlet King Snake Poisonous - http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/snakes/micful.htm Harmless

  14. 4. Plant-Herbivore Interactions a. Physical Defenses 1) sharp thorns 2) spines 3) sticky hairs 4) tough leaves http://cactiguide.com/cactus/?genus=Austrocactus; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_%28botany%29 (rose); hosta thick leaves - http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/hosta/msg0821373517236.html

  15. b. Secondary Compounds 1) chemicals that are synthesized by plants that are poisonous, irritating, or bad-tasting 2) Strychnine and nicotine a) toxic to insects 3) Poison ivy and poisonous oak a) rash Tobacco plant - http://encarta.msn.com/media_461517503_761562287_-1_1/tobacco_plant.html; http://www.gpnc.org/poison.htm

  16. 4. Medicinal Advantages a. morphine b. atropine, codeine, taxol c. quinine

  17. E. Mutualism 1. two organisms cooperatively living together 2. examples a. ants and bull’s horn acacia tree http://www.killerplants.com/plant-of-the-week/20020204.asp http://waynesword.palomar.edu/acacia.htm

  18. http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htmhttp://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm

  19. b. Pollinators 1) bees 2) butterflies 3) flies 4) beetles 5) bats 6) birds http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/BeesMimicry.htm

  20. F. Commensalism 1. one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed 2. examples a. cattle egrets and Cape buffalo Grass blade - http://www.photographersdirect.com/stockimages/w/water_buffalo.asp; cape buffalo and cattle egret - http://www.inmagine.com/ngs030/ngs030226-photo

  21. G. Parasitism 1. one organism benefits and the other is harmed 2. parasite a. feeds on another individual over a long period of time 3. host a. the organism being fed on Pork tapeworm - http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may01/worms0501.htm

  22. 4. Ectoparasites a. external parasites b. examples 1) ticks 2) fleas 3) lice 4) leeches 5) lampreys 6) mosquitos Leech - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech; Lamprey - http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=lamprey; Louse - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice; Tick - http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/img/writings/ticks_1_big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/en/writings/ticks/&h=107&w=143&sz=67&tbnid=Pa9ysm9gRQgJ:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1

  23. Leech - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech; Lamprey - http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=lamprey; Louse - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice; Tick - http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/img/writings/ticks_1_big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/en/writings/ticks/&h=107&w=143&sz=67&tbnid=Pa9ysm9gRQgJ:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1

  24. 5. Endoparasites a. internal parasites b. examples 1) disease causing bacteria 2) malaria parasites 3) tapeworms Malaria Parasites - http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Malaria.asp?body=Frames/M-R/Malaria/body_Malariadiagfind2.htm

  25. 6. Invasive Species a. Purple loosestrife http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/lysa1.htm

  26. 6. Invasive Species a. Purple loosestrife b. Kudzu Kudzu growing in Georgia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg

  27. 6. Invasive Species a. Purple loosestrife b. Kudzu c. Japanese beetles http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/housing/japanese-beetle/jbeetle.html

  28. 6. Invasive Species a. Purple loosestrife b. Kudzu c. Japanese beetles d. Zebra mussels Zebra mussel picture - http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=5; Lake Michigan water meter - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_mussel

  29. 6. Invasive Species a. Purple loosestrife b. Kudzu c. Japanese beetles d. Zebra mussels e. Asian long-horn beetle http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1262001

  30. 6. Invasive Species a. Purple loosestrife b. Kudzu c. Japanese beetles d. Zebra mussels e. Asian long-horn beetle f. Asian carp http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/invasive/asiancarp/

  31. http://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/jumping-carp.jpg

  32. III. Succession A. The gradual, sequential regrowth of species in an area Primary Succession Secondary Succession Climax Community http://www.gov.on.ca/ont/portal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_252/_s.7_0_A/7_0_252/_l/en?docid=004195

  33. B. Primary Succession 1. the development of a community in an area that has not supported life previously 2. Where? a. bare rock b. sand dune c. island formed by volcano http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/graphics/ruapehu.jpg

  34. 3. Very slow process 4. Repeated freezing and thawing break the rock apart 5. fungi, algae, cyanobacteria colonize on the rock creating a thin soil 6. Slowly plants begin to grow 7. Canadian Shield and Glacier Bay, Alaska http://www.nps.gov/glba/

  35. C. Secondary succession 1. the sequential replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing community http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/succession.gif

  36. 2. caused by a. natural disaster – fire, strong storm b. human – farming, logging, mining 3. Usually takes about 100 years for the original ecosystem to be restored 4. Annual grasses, mustards, and dandelions 5. Then perennial grasses, shrubs, and trees http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/05Succession/flood.gif

  37. 2. Examples http://spectrum.troy.edu/~diamond/General%20Ecology/successionlab.html

  38. IV. Population Rates A. Biotic Potential 1. the rate at which a population would produce offspring if every new individual lived and reproduced at its maximum capacity B. Carrying Capacity 1. the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support

  39. Trying to reach biotic potential C. J-Curve Population of Fish Population of Fish Exponential Growth Phase Time Lag Phase – very slow growth

  40. Human Population Growth Industrial Revolution begins Agriculture begins Bubonic plague Plowing and irrigation Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002? Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.

  41. Abiotic and Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?

  42. D. Limiting Factors 1. environmental factors that stabilize population size and keep species from reaching their biotic potential Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?

  43. E. S-Curve Population of Fish Stabilization – reaches carrying capacity Population of Fish Time

  44. F. Limiting Factors Over Time Population of Fish Population of Fish Time

  45. G. Population Density 1. the number of individuals in a given area at a specific time Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991 Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?

  46. Logistic growth Exponential growth S-shaped curve Limits on growth J-shaped curve No limits on growth Unlimited resources Constant growth rate Falling growth rate Population Growth can be characterized by represented by characterized by represented by which cause a

  47. 1. Imagine a small island that has a population of five rabbits. How might each of the following factors affect the rabbit population? a. climate b. food supply c. predation 2. Now imagine another small island that has a population of 500 rabbits. How would the same factors affect this population? 3 Which of the factors depend on population size? Which factors do not depend on population size?

  48. H. Density Dependent Factors 1. limiting factor that depends upon population 2. competition 3. predation 4. parasitism and disease I. Density Independent Factors 1. limiting factors that affect populations regardless of size 2. drought or other unusual weather 3. natural disaster 4. human activities

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