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Input/Output and Control: A Brief History of Intentionality. Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive System. Perception. Attention. Intention. input: Sensation. organism. environment. output: Response. Psychophysics. Behaviorism. environmental event: Stimulus. Input/Output Coupling.

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  1. Input/Output and Control:A Brief History of Intentionality Cognitive Psychology Cognitive System Perception Attention Intention input: Sensation organism environment output: Response Psychophysics Behaviorism environmental event: Stimulus

  2. Input/Output Coupling Filtered Input: Perception Filter: Attention Input New Input Output: Action

  3. Input/Output Coupling:Spatial Perception as Inaccurate Input • Localizing brief peri-saccadic flashes Target Fixation Behavioral Localizations Perceptual Localizations Saccade • Jordan, 1999

  4. Input/Output Coupling:Spatial Perception as Inaccurate Input • Contextual visual stimuli Behavioral Localizations Perceptual Localizations • Bridgeman, 1999

  5. Input/Output Coupling:Spatial Perception as Inaccurate Input • Estimating the pitch of a hill Behavioral Estimates Perceptual Estimates • Proffitt, Bhalla, Gossweiler, & Midgett, 1995

  6. Input/Output Coupling:Spatial Perception as Accurate Input • Localizing the final-position of a moving stimulus Vanishing Point Direction of Motion Localization • Hubbard, 1995

  7. We need to make a choice • Maintain input/output coupling and resolve the accuracy issue empirically • Find another way of describing perception/action coupling …we did both...

  8. Action-planning Momentum: Kerzel, Jordan, & Müsseler (2000)

  9. Action-planning Momentum: Kerzel, Jordan, & Müsseler (2000) • Data may discount the need for cognitive explanations of localization patterns • If input/output coupling is true, “How does inaccurate perceptual input guide accurate behavioral output?” • Is input/output coupling the only form of coupling possible? • Is it really all about controlled output? • Intentionality and Control

  10. Action Planning: Intentional Perception • Pre-action shifts in spatial perception • Haggard, 1999 • Dassonville, 1995 • Pre-action shifts in spatial perception due to action-planning are just as intentional as any body movements resulting from such planning • “An intentional perception is one that I planned!” • Harless (Hommel, 1998) Effectbilder • James (1890/1950) Anticipatory Image • Hershberger (1998) Afference copies

  11. Action Planning: Intentional Perception • Theory of Common Coding (Prinz, 1991) • Actions planned in terms of their consequences • Action-planning recruits neural transformations (i.e., codes) that mediate both sensitivity to, and production of, distal events • Visual motor neurons; Taira, Mine, Georgopoulos, Murata, & Sakata, 1990 • Mirror neurons; Gallese, Fadiga, Fogassi, & Rizzolatti, 1990 • Action-planning content is resident within spatial perception, and the content derives from distal effect being planned.

  12. Action-planning as Anticipatory Binding Jordan, Stork, Knuf, & Müsseler (2000)

  13. Action-planning as Anticipatory Binding Jordan, Stork, Knuf, & Müsseler (2000) instruction effect: F(1, 11) = 7.40, p < .001 interaction: F(1, 11) = 9.91, p = .009]

  14. Action-planning as Anticipatory Binding Jordan, Stork, Knuf, & Müsseler (2000) task-effect: F(1, 9) = 5.68, p = .041, interaction, F(1, 9) = 3.86, p = .081

  15. Action-planning as Anticipatory Binding Jordan, Stork, Knuf, & Müsseler (2000) a significant interaction [F(1, 10) = 6.80, p = .02]. task [F(1,10) = 5.96, p = .03]

  16. The Mechanisms of Intentionality:Control of Input Reference Signal = Comparator (-) Negative Feedback Input Output disturbance

  17. The Mechanisms of Intentionality:Control of Input Reference Signal: Specified room temp (-) Negative Feedback Input: Sensed room temp Output: Furnace disturbance: changes in weather

  18. Motor control or Effect control? anticipatory motor error (Kawato et al. 1987) virtual feedback (Clark, 1997) dynamic state estimation (Paulin, 1993) Cerebro- CBM & Parvo RN Musculo Skeletal System Motor CX ASSN CX Environment Main descending pathways and transcortical loop Spino-CBM & MGN RN after Kawato et al. 1987

  19. Effect-control Coupling Action: Body-space effect-control Perception: Body-environment effect-control

  20. Synthesizing the Dialectic:Distal/Proximal Effect Control Coupling Perceptual systems: Body-environment effect control Action systems: Body-space effect-control organism environment Attention: Distal-system constraint of proximal-system Intention: Effect control

  21. What about Cognition?

  22. The Control of Virtual Effects Jordan & Knoblich (2001)

  23. The Control of Virtual Effects Jordan & Knoblich (2001)

  24. Conclusions • Action, perception, and cognition are not components of the same control loop. • Each refers to a different level of effect control. • What differentiates levels of effect control is the spatio-temporal distality of the effect being controlled. • The phenomenal aspect of spatial perception is not a multi-level symbolic representation of the external environment. It is, rather, the complex of effects I am attempting to control and any given moment. It is how I am currently in the world.

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