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The Human Organism

The Human Organism . Chapter 5 - Observatory. The Cell. The Basic Unit of Life For ALL living organisms....humans, flies, gold fish, mushrooms, cows, and also. The Cell. What do cells do? How do they help us? Nourishment Growth Waste Breathe Reproduction. The Human Cell.

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The Human Organism

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  1. The Human Organism Chapter 5 - Observatory

  2. The Cell • The Basic Unit of Life • For ALL living organisms....humans, flies, gold fish, mushrooms, cows, and also.....

  3. The Cell • What do cells do? How do they help us? • Nourishment • Growth • Waste • Breathe • Reproduction

  4. The Human Cell • Under an optical Microscope, we can only distinguish 3 components. • Cell Membrane • Flexible barrier surrounding the cell • Cytoplasm • Gel like fluid found inside the cell, outside the nucleus • Nucleus • The ‘brain’ of the cell

  5. The Human Cell Epidermis Cells 100x Under Optical Microscope

  6. The Human Cell • Under an Electron Microscope we can see small structures called Organelles

  7. Wikipedia (No Need to Copy) • An electron microscope is a type of microscope that produces an electronically-magnified image of a specimen for detailed observation. The electron microscope (EM) uses a particle beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen and create a magnified image of it. The microscope has a greater resolving power than a light-powered optical microscope, because it uses electrons that have wavelengths about 100,000 times shorter than visible light (photons), and can achieve magnifications of up to 2,000,000x, whereas ordinary, light microscopes are limited to 2000x magnification.

  8. Cell Membrane

  9. Cell Membrane • Acts as a boundary layer to contain the cytoplasm (fluid in cell) • Separates inside from outside of the cell

  10. Cell Membrane • Interlocking surfaces bind cells together • Selectively permeable to select chemicals that pass in andout of cells(nutrients and waste)

  11. Vacuole

  12. Vacuole • A single layer of unit membrane enclosing fluid ina sack • Stores water and various chemicals • May store insoluble wastes • Very small in animal cells • Very large in plant cells

  13. Golgi Apparatus

  14. Golgi Apparatus • Single membrane bound structure • Stores and Modifies chemicals to make them functionaland packages them for transport in the cell • Secretes chemicals in tiny vesicles • May produce endoplasmic reticulum

  15. Endoplasmic Reticulum

  16. Endoplasmic Reticulum • forms a tubular network throughout the cell • transports chemicals between cells and within • Ribosomes are found on the outside of the E. R.

  17. Ribosomes

  18. Ribosomes • composed ofRNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes • site of protein synthesis

  19. Mitochondria • composed of modified double unit membrane (protein, lipid) • site of cellular respiration ie. the release of chemical energy from food • Glucose  +  Oxygen  ------> Carbon Dioxide  +  Water  + Energy (ATP)

  20. Lysosomes • Digests certain nutrients by inserting water into chemical bonds • Decomposes and recycles various cell products

  21. Nucleus • Contains individual genetic information • Protected by the Nuclear membrane • Acts as a barrier • Also enables exchanges with the rest of the cell • DNA is what controls all the cell activity

  22. DNA • DeoxyriboNucleic Acid • Found inside the nucleus • Made up of chains of tiny molecules called bases.

  23. DNA • There are four bases…that match up specifically • A – Adenine and T – Thymine • C – Cytosine and G - Guanine

  24. DNA • DNA strands form into spiral staircase like structures…often referred to as a double helix.

  25. Base Pairing • Specific genetic code • The entire code for us humans is made up of roughly 3,000,000,000 base pairs • A GENOME is the complete set of genetic information of an individual or species

  26. Genes • DNA is divided up into a number of genes • Each gene contains the specific code to make a specific protein • The proteins formed, play a role in the various jobs they may need to do… • Hair growth, eye color, skin color etc…

  27. Blue Eyes • Mother and Father both have brown eyes but also both have a recessive gene for blue eyes

  28. Genes • One allele from Father and one allele from Mother • The pair can thus be dominant, recessive of hybrid • Dominant and Recessive are considered Homozygous • Hybrid are considered Heterozygous

  29. Genotype--Phenotype • BB – Dominant, Homozygous---Brown Eyes • Bb – Hybrid, Heterozygous---Brown Eyes • bb – Recessive, Homozygous---Blue Eyes

  30. Tongue Rolling • Father can not roll his tongue and Mother can roll her tongue.

  31. Hair Color • Some genes are neither dominant or recessive. They mix to form something in between. Brown hair + Blond hair = Light Brown/Dark Blond hair

  32. Cell Division • Why Do Cells Divide?

  33. Cell Division • 1. to increase the cell count of an organism • 2. to fix broken or damaged tissue • 3. to make sexual reproduction cells

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