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Cold War

1945 - 1960. Cold War. US recognized USSR in 1933. During WWII the United States and the Soviet Union were Allies…. Yalta – February 1945. *Meeting in the Crimean Peninsula – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin. WORK OUT FUTURE OF GERMANY AND POLAND.

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Cold War

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  1. 1945 - 1960 Cold War

  2. US recognized USSR in 1933 During WWII the United States and the Soviet Union were Allies…

  3. Yalta – February 1945 *Meeting in the Crimean Peninsula – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin WORK OUT FUTURE OF GERMANY AND POLAND • Division of Germany into 4 zones (British, French, American, and Soviet) EVENTUALLY East and West Berlin develops & East and West Germany develops • Stalin wanted Germany to pay $10 billion in war damages – REJECTED • US wanted USSR help with Japan (still at war with Japan) • Poland was to be allowed to choose own type of government

  4. April 1945 UNITED NATIONS New international peacekeeping organization 50 nations San Francisco, California UN General Assembly - all nations Security Council – US, USSR, GB, France, China – PERMANENT SEATS

  5. FDR died April 12, 1945 Harry S. Truman became President (was VP for only 83 day)

  6. Potsdam Conference (Suburb of Berlin) July 1945 Truman, Churchill, and Stalin • Continued to discuss • future of Germany and • Poland (Truman wanted • free elections in Poland) • 2. Truman told Stalin • about the atomic bomb

  7. USSR After the War • Interfered in Polish elections (angered Truman) • Wanted satellite nations – countries subject to Soviet • domination on the Western borders of the USSR • Supported totalitarian Communist Governments in Eastern • Europe • 4. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Romania became dominated by the USSR

  8. IRON CURTAIN March 5, 1946 – Winston Churchill asked the United States for help in keeping Stalin from closing the iron curtain of domination and oppression

  9. Cold War – political, economic, and military tensions between the ….

  10. Containment Policy 1946 Developed by George Kennen – US ambassador to the Soviet Union Recognized that Eastern Europe was already lost to Communism Called for US to resist Soviet attempts elsewhere

  11. Truman Doctrine (1947)

  12. Marshall Plan

  13. Germany 1948 – American, French, and British merged 3 zones to become Federal Republic of Germany (WEST GERMANY) CAPITALIST 1949 – EAST GERMANY – controlled by the Soviet Union Communist Berlin is inside East Germany Berlin is divided into East and West

  14. Berlin Airlift June 1948 – Stalin decided to block West Berlin from outside aide West Berlin was owned and operated by US, GB, and France (but was inside Soviet held East Germany) Berlin airlift was initiated by Truman – moved supplies to West Berlin by air Over 200,000 flights 13,000 tons of goods daily Soviets gave up May 1949

  15. NATO – US, Canada, Belgium, GB, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal Collective Security – Mutual Military Assistance Warsaw Pact – USSR and Satellite Nations

  16. Cold War at Home… Federal Civil Defense was created. It flooded the nation with posters on how to survive an attack (bomb shelters)

  17. Click the turtle advertisement for a Civil Defense Video

  18. Cold War at Home Continued…

  19. House Un-American Activities Committee Began in 1938 to probe Communist infiltration in Hollywood writers, directors, actors, and producers were called before the committee Hollywood Ten – Ten were cited for contempt of Court and served 6 months to a year in jail for Pleading the 5th… they were blacklisted… Click on witch advertisement for a 1 minute 51 second video About HUAC.

  20. McCarran Walter Act of 1952 Felt that most disloyal Communists were immigrants Quota system for each country (especially Asian, Southern & Central Europe Truman vetoed it Congress overrode the veto Truman said it was “one of the most Un – American acts I have ever witnessed in my public career.”

  21. Alger Hiss Case 1948 – HUAC accused Alger Hiss (high ranking state department official) of being a communist in the 1930s and being a spy) Found guilty of perjury and went to prison for 4 years

  22. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Radical, married couple accused of passing atomic secrets to Soviets in WW2 1953 – convicted of espionage and executed

  23. The COLD WAR expands… • Japan withdrew from Korea after World War II. • 1945 – USSR occupied the north and the US occupied the South • Both withdrew during 1948 and 1949.

  24. KOREAN WAR June 1950 – broke out when North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel Army intended to reunite Korea by force! United Nations called on all members to support S. Korea. USSR had boycotted UN over treatment of Communist China. USSR and China absent.

  25. Douglas MacArthur WWI and WWII veteran Anti-Communist Truman’s choice to lead UN forces in Korea

  26. Korean War…. MacArthur suspected the North Korean supply lines were stretched thin, so he attacked at Inchon to cut the supplies. He pushed the North Korean forces across the 38th parallel.

  27. MacArthur continued to push into the North for a united Korea with the South in control. THIS SCARED CHINA!! On November 24, 1950, MacArthur began his “Home By Christmas” offensive. Chinese troops poured across the Yalu River to push the UN forces out! A STALEMATE DEVELOPED!

  28. MacArthur wanted Taiwan to attack Mainland China. Taiwan claimed to be the true Chinese government since the Mainland China had become Communist. Truman said NO! MacArthur wrote a letter to the House Minority Leader in March 1951. The letter attacked the President. CLICK ON FINAL PICTURE FOR A QUICK VIDEO! Truman FIRED MacArthur for insubordination!

  29. MacArthur returned to a hero’s welcome! MacArthur spoke to a joint session of Congress on April 19. 1951. Click picture for speech. Click picture for Roy Acuff song tribute.

  30. Korean War Continued…. The war drug on for 2 more years…. 1950-1953 Korea was divided at almost the exact place… Truce in 1953 55,000 soldiers killed 113,000 wounded

  31. The McCarthy Era Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin Made a speech and held a paper he claimed contained a list of 205 knownCommunists in the State Department…. However, the list dwindled to actually 57 accused of disloyalty. Click the picture for an interview.

  32. McCarthy’s Fall - 1954 Charged that the army was full of Communists! Finally leaders decided he had to be stopped!! April 1954 – Army –McCarthy Hearings Democrats wanted it televised to make him look bad! McCarthy bullied and had baseless allegations… Finally, the Senate turned on him. He died three years later CLICK PICTURE

  33. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State Did not like Truman’s containment policy! Eisenhower wanted to avoid war with the USSR at all costs. So, the containment policy remained intact.

  34. Joseph Stalin died in 1953. Nikita Khrushchev began leading the USSR

  35. Vietnam Issue… Vietnam was a French colony in Southeast Asia. Ho Chi Minh, who was the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party declared the Colony’s independence… France said NO! WAR DEVELOPED IN VIETNAM. May 1954 – France withdrew forces Vietnam divided into Communist North and Anti-Communist South DOMINO THEORY – if one country fell to communism, its neighbors would follow

  36. Middle East Issue… 1948 – Israel – homeland state for Jews Arab nations were angry! US pledged support to Israel. Iran – US placed a pro-US Shah of Iran

  37. Eisenhower Doctrine US would use force to safeguard the independence of any country or group of countries in the Middle East requesting aid against communism.

  38. Latin American Issues… Concern with spread of communism in Latin America Cuba – Fidel Castro – overthrew the corrupt Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista on January 1, 1959. Seized American property in Cuba Eisenhower cut economic ties with Cuba Castro turned to help from the USSR… TO BE CONTINUED…

  39. ARMS RACE

  40. 1954-1958 - US tested 19 hydrogen bombs at Bikini Island In the Pacific Japanese fishermen 90 miles away suffered radiation burns. Residents of islands 200 miles away evacuated.

  41. Brinkmanship Dulles said US was prepared to risk war to protect its national interests VERGE of War

  42. US – Used Air Force to carry hydrogen bombs USSR – used long range rockets ICBMS (intercontinental ballistic missiles) US – LAGGED BEHIND IN MISSILE DEVELOPMENT

  43. Sputnik 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik – 1st artificial satellite to orbit the earth

  44. U2 Incident US spy plane over USSR was shot down at 15 miles high

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