Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions

1. Infectious andNoninfectious Conditions

2. The Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Pathogen • A disease-causing agent • Epidemic • Disease outbreak that affects many people in a community or region at the same time • Pandemic • Global epidemic of a disease • Virulent • Strong enough to overcome host resistance and cause disease • Immunocompromised • Having an immune system that is impaired

3. The Body’s Defenses against Disease-Causing Pathogens

4. The Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control • Heredity • Aging • Environmental conditions • Organism virulence and resistance

5. The Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Risk Factors You Can Control • Stress • Nutrition • Fitness level • Sleep • Drug use • Personal hygiene • High-risk behaviors • Exposure to products and services that increase risk • See Tips on p. 400

6. Routes of Disease Transmission

7. The Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Physical and Chemical Defenses: Your Body Responds • Skin • Enzymes • Linings of the body • Immune system defenses

8. The Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back • Immunity – being able to resist a particular disease • Antigens - virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite • Antibodies – matched to the specific antigen • Cell-mediated immunity • Lymphocytes (white blood cells) • Macrophages ( antigen destructing cells)

9. The Immune Response

10. The Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Autoimmune Diseases • Immune deficiency syndrome • Common autoimmune disorders are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and multiple sclerosis • Inflammatory Response, Pain, and Fever • Rises in temperature can be harmful if extreme • High temperatures can destroy some disease-causing organisms • Stimulates more white blood cell production • Pain most often accompanied by inflammation

11. The Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Vaccines: Bolstering Your Immunity • Vaccination and T- and B-cell memory • Vaccine consists of killed or weakened versions of disease causing microorganism • Artificially acquired active immunity-vaccination • Naturally acquired active immunity – exposure to antigens • Naturally acquired passive immunity – mother passes immunity to her fetus via shared blood suply or to an infant via breast milk)

12. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, by Vaccine and Age Group, 2009

13. The Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Allergies: The Immune System Overreacts • Antigen or allergen • Production of antibodies • Hypersensitive reaction • Release of histamines • Hay Fever • “Pollen allergy” • Most prevalent when ragweed and flowers are blooming • Sneezing and itchy, watery eyes and nose

14. Examples of 5 Major Types of Pathogens

15. Bacteria—single-celled organisms Treatable with antibiotics Staphylococcal infections Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Streptococcal infections Meningitis Pneumonia Tuberculosis (TB) Tickborne bacterial diseases Types of Pathogens and Diseases They Cause

16. Types of Pathogens and Diseases They Cause • Viruses—Smallest known pathogens • The common cold • Influenza • Hepatitis: three different types • A (HAV) –”dirty hands” , contaminated food or water with human feces • B (HBV) – spread through body fluids • C (HCV) • You can be vaccinated for A and B

17. What You Can Do to Avoid H1N1 and Other Forms of the Flu

18. Types of Pathogens and Diseases They Cause • Other Pathogens • Fungi – vaginal yeast infection, athlete’s foot • Protozoans – tropical diseases (African sleeping sickness, Malaria) • Parasitic worms – can be infected from eating raw meat and eggs • Prions – “mad cow disease”, Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease

19. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs • More than 20 known types of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) • Can be eliminated through education, responsible action, simple preventive strategies, and prompt treatment • What’s Your Risk? • Moral and social stigma can keep infected people from seeking treatment • Casual attitude toward sex • Ignorance about infections/symptoms

20. Continuum of Risk for Various Sexual Behaviors

21. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Routes of Transmission • Sexual intercourse • Oral—genital contact • Hand—genital contact • Anal • Mouth-to-mouth contact • Contact with fluids from body sores

22. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Chlamydia • 2.2 million infected annually in the United States • Many people display no symptoms. • Secondary damage can lead to sterility. • Chlamydia may be responsible for one type of conjunctivitis, an eye infection • If detected early, it is easily treatable with antibiotics

23. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Gonorrhea • One of the most common STIs in the United States • CDC estimates over 700,000 cases per year • Caused by bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae • If detected early, it is easily treatable with antibiotics. • Complications if not treated

24. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Syphilis • Caused by a bacterial organism • Spirochete known as Treponema pallidum • “Great imitator;” symptoms often resemble other STIs • Stages: primary, secondary, latent, tertiary/late • Easily treated with antibiotics except in the late stage

25. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Herpes • Herpes simplex type 1 • Herpes simplex type 2 • Especially serious in pregnant women; possible to transfer infection to baby during birth • Women with herpes have a greater risk for cervical cancer. • Preventing Herpes • Awareness • Extreme caution in casual sexual affairs • Seek medical help

26. Herpes

27. Sexually Transmitted Infections Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Genital Warts Over 100 different types of HPV Infect over 6.2 million Americans each year Certain types of HPV can cause genital warts Complications Dysplasia—change in cells that may lead to a precancerous condition HPV vaccination Recommended for girls and women aged 9 to 26 (now also for men)

28. Genital Warts

29. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Candidiasis (Moniliasis) • Yeastlike fungus caused by Candida albicans • Symptoms include severe itching, burning, and swelling • Antifungal drugs can cure candidiasis in just a few days. • Trichomoniasis • Caused by a protozoan • Half of all American men and women carry this organism • Many remain symptom free

30. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Pubic Lice • Informally called “crabs” • Symptoms include itchiness in the pubic hair, bluish gray skin color, and sores in the genital area • Treatment includes thorough washing of clothing, furniture, and linens • Takes 2 to 3 weeks to kill all larval form

31. HIV/AIDS • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • At the end of 2008, there were approximately 33.4 million people worldwide living with HIV. • 95 percent of people with HIV worldwide live in developing nations.

32. HIV/AIDS • How HIV Is Transmitted • Engaging in high risk behaviors • Exchanging of body fluids • Injecting drugs • Having received a blood transfusion prior to 1985 • Mother-to-child (perinatal) transmission

33. Sources of HIV Infection in Men and Women in the United States

34. Gender & Health • Women and AIDS • Women are 4 to 10 times more likely than men to contract HIV through unprotected sexual intercourse • Underrepresented in clinical trials for treatment and prevention • Cultural barriers can prevent women from being involved in decision making related to sexual matters

35. HIV/AIDS • Symptoms of HIV/AIDS • Incubation time varies greatly • For HIV positive adults who receive no medical treatment, AIDS will develop in 8 to 10 years. • Opportunistic infections are characteristic of the disease.

36. HIV/AIDS • Testing for HIV Antibodies • Blood test known as ELISA (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay) • Western blot test follows 2 positive ELISA tests • These tests detect antibodies (3-6 months to develop) • Whether a person with HIV develops AIDS depends to some extent on the strength of that person’s immune system • A cure does not exist

37. HIV/AIDS • New Hope and Treatments • New drugs slow progression of virus • Medications are currently very expensive and cause many side effects • Protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors • Preventing HIV Infection • No vaccine currently available • Reduce risk by responsible choices and behaviors • Abstinence or safe sexual practices

38. Noninfectious Conditions • There are many noninfectious conditions other than major ailments such as cancer and heart disease. • Most other chronic conditions can be prevented or the symptoms alleviated. • Generally they are not transmitted by pathogen or personal contact • Lifestyle and personal habits are often underlying causes

39. Chronic Lung Diseases • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPDs) = any disease or disorder in which lung function is impaired • Bronchitis • Emphysema • Asthma

40. Chronic Lung Diseases • Bronchitis • Inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes • Less air is able to flow from the lungs and heavy mucous begins to form • Acute bronchitis: when symptoms improve in a few weeks • Chronic bronchitis: when the symptoms of bronchitis last for at least 3 months of the year for 2 consecutive years

41. Chronic Lung Diseases • Emphysema • Gradual destruction of alveoli • Becomes more and more difficult to exhale • Victim struggles to take in air • Chest cavity expands over time (“barrel chest”)

42. Chronic Lung Diseases • Asthma • Long-term chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks airflow to the lungs • Air pollutants, particulates, smoke, allergens, and stress can trigger an asthma attack • Extrinsic (allergic asthma) or intrinsic (nonallergic) • Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) • Relaxation techniques and medications can offer relief

43. Headaches • Tension Headaches • Are muscular contraction headaches • Treatments: relaxation, hot water, massage, and pain medication • Migraine Headaches • Have severe debilitating symptoms • Treatments: rye fungus ergot and other medications • Cluster Headaches • Are more rare forms; “killer” or “suicidal” pain • Treatments: oxygen therapy, drugs, and surgery

44. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) • Symptoms include headaches, fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, depression, poor memory, general weakness, and nausea • No viral cause found; possible psychosocial roots

45. Low Back Pain • Low Back Pain (LBP) • 85 percent of Americans will experience LBP • 90 percent of all back problems in lumbar region (lower) • To Reduce LBP • Purchase a high-quality, supportive mattress, and avoid sleeping on your stomach. • Avoid high-heeled shoes, and wear shoes with good arch support. • Control your weight. • Warm up and stretch before exercising. • When lifting something heavy, use your leg muscles. • Buy a chair with good lumbar support. • Move your car seat up so your knees are elevated slightly. • Exercise regularly.

46. Repetitive Motion Disorders • Carpal tunnel syndrome • Bursitis • Tendonitis • Ganglion cysts • Prevention • Educating yourself about repetitive motion disorders and better ergonomic workplace designs • Treatment • Physical and occupational therapy