The Western Heritage, Since 1300

1. The Western Heritage, Since 1300 Chapter 17: The Age of Western Imperialism Pg# 614-662

2. The Western Heritage, Since 1300 1. The close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization. 2. The Age of British Imperial Dominance. 3. India-The Jewel of the Crown of the British Empire. 4. The New Imperialism, 1870-1914. 5. Motives for the New Imperialism. 6. The Partition of Africa. 7. Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia. 8. Western Powers in Asia. 9. Tools of Imperialism. 10. The Missionary Factor. 11. Science and Imperialism. 12. In Perspective

3. Learning Objectives 1. How did early modern colonization differ from 19th century western imperialism? 2. How did Britain use its economic might extend its influence around the world? 3. Why was India such an important part of the British Empire? 4. What was new about the "New Imperialism" and what role did economic motives play in 19th century imperialism? 5. How did European politics contribute to the "scramble for Africa?" 6. How did Russia come to control a vast and diverse Asian empire and what developments facilitated western penetration and control of Asia? 7. How did technological innovations make 19th century imperialism possible? 8. What was the relationship between missionaries and their home governments? 9. How did science help imperialism capture the imagination of domestic audiences in Europe?

4. Vocabulary 1. apartheid (640) 2. civilizing mission (626) 3. concentration camps (640) 4. Great Trek (639) 5. Imperialism of Free Trade (617) 6. New Imperialism (615) 7. protectorate (623) 8. Spheres of influence (623) • new Imperialism

5. The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization I. The Imperialism of Free Trade 1. Free trade, Capitalism, laissez-faire would replace mercantilism as the standard of trade as European powers sought to gain markets world-wide. 2. Britain had become the “workshop” to the world 3. massive production created lower prices for the consumer

6. The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization II. Imports & Exports 1. As Europe sought markets for its products Asia sought markets for its products as well 2. European wanted tea, silk, and porcelain from China 3. However, China was not interested in Western goods 4. British had opium (grown in India) to sell and sought buyers in China III. Opium Wars 1. Chinese resisted British importation of opium from India due to high rates of addiction 2. 1839, 1842, 1856-1860 wars between China and Britain 3. Britain gained control of Hong Kong a. gained entry for British missionaries into China

7. The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization b. British merchants entered Hong Kong c. not subject to Chinese law(only British law) d. Chinese forced to pay reparations to British after wars (China lost all of the wars) e. British and other European embassies opened in China f. more freedom of movement for Europeans in China IV. British Settler Colonies 1. British colonies throughout world became destinations for many British and European settlers: a. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, India, South Africa (and other areas in Africa) b. Colonies became self-supporting, market for British/European goods c. self-government enacted throughout colonies around world

8. India-The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire I. British Colonialism in India 1. After loss of American colonies to independence, Britain shifted colonial interests to Africa and Asia 2. India became jewel of British Empire through 1947 a. base for British military and economic power throughout Asia b. Indian colonialism different than other colonies as India already had its own populations, ethnic groups, religions (Islam, Hinduism), dynamic social and economic conditions c. 1857, Mughal Empire ruled India though in reality, most Nawabs/Maharajahs (local rulers) ignored leadership of Mughal emperor who ruled in New Deli

9. India-The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire d. British domination completed with assistance of British East India Company 1. created own colonial army composed of Indian troops (Sikh’s, Hindus) led by British officers e. concept of “divide & conquer” further evolved under British rule as local rulers fought one another rather than uniting and fighting British

10. India-The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire f. Goal of East India Company, to make profit though over time focus of India changed to enlightened rule/proper administration government g. 1813, British missionaries allowed into India, directly challenged local relgious control of Hindu’s/Muslims h. English became official language of Indian govt., i. Sepoy rebellion, 1857 occurred as Indian troops mutinied against British army j. 1858 Government of India Act-transferred political control from East India Company to British Crown k. Crown openly frowned upon push to Christianize Indian troops and instead began to work with local leaders l. 1/3 of all Indian princes pledged loyalty to Crown m. Act of Parliament, Queen Elizabeth declared Empress of India

11. India-The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire j. 1858 Government of India Act- transferred political control from East India Company to British Crown k. Crown openly frowned upon push to Christianize Indian troops and instead began to work with local leaders l. 1/3 of all Indian princes pledged loyalty to Crown m. Act of Parliament, Queen Elizabeth declared Empress of India

12. The Partition of Africa

13. The Partition of Africa I. The Scramble for Africa 1. Goal by European nations to gain access to raw resources, economic & political influence in continent of Africa a. N. African territories part of Ottoman Empire II. France: 1. 1830 military expedition into Algeria, N. Africa a. 1871, 275,000 French nationals living in Algeria (allowed to elect French representatives to met in French legislative assembly(Algeria became part of France itself) 2. 1881-1882, moved into Tunisia 3. 1901-1902 moved into Morocco III. Italy: 1. 1911-1912 moved into Libya

14. The Partition of Africa IV. Egypt: 1. Originally part of Ottoman Empire 2. French failed to colonize Egypt w/ Napoleon in charge 3. Khedives, Egyptian rulers, modernized country w/roads, harbors, modernize army a. European banks loaned money for modernization

15. The Partition of Africa 4. Suez Canal opened 1869 a. Canal connected Red Sea with Mediterranean Sea b. cut shipping time from Asia to Europe as shipping no longer had to sail around tip of Africa c. 12,000 to 7,000 miles sailing distance d. 1875, Egypt broke so British govt., purchase control of Canal e. 1882 British sent fleet/army to Egypt to enforce rule, put down local uprisings

16. The Partition of Africa

17. The Partition of Africa 5. Britain also gained control of the Sudan 6. Fashodo indicent: a. French & British forces threatened to class over control of the Sudan, French presence in N. Africa b. both sides agreed to support each other rather than starting war 7. Britain controlled Sierra Leone, Gambia Gold Coast (Ghana), Nigeria (oil) 8. France controlled West Africa V. Indirect Control by Britain in Africa 1. Britain gained local control of Nigeria with local autonomy 2. British missionaries successful in this region a. this area has largest Christian population in Africa

18. The Partition of Africa I. The Belgian Congo: 1. King Leopold of Belgium gained gained control of vast stretches of Congo river & tributaries 2. brought in explorers, geographers, anti- slavery reformers to form International African Association a. recruited Henry Morgan Stanley to explore the Congo region II. Opposition to Belgium Exploitation of the Congo 1. Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad a. exposed Leopold’s slavery, inhumane treatment of people there. b. Leopold turned over Congo to Belgium before he died

19. Germany in Africa I. German Expansion into Africa: 1. 1884-85, German expansion into- a. South West Africa(Namibia) b. Togoland c. Cameroon d. Tanganyika 2. focus of African colonies to improve German political position overall & to put pressure on Britain(keep them in check) II. Berlin Conference 1879: 1. formal partition of Africa, conference held in Berlin 2. Of the European powers, Germany held African colonies shortest period of time due to loss in WWI

20. South Africa (Boer Wars) I. Dutch settlement into South Africa 1. Dutch migration began in mid-1600’s 2. Cape Town important for shipping 3. British captured Cape Town from Dutch, Dutch influence in shipping declined 4. Africans still treated badly by Dutch even though slavery outlawed by British 5. Africaner, or Boers began “Great Trek” during which they moved north and east of Cape Town 6. Boer states created included: a. Natal, Transval, Orange Free State 7. warfare between British, Boer, and African Zulu tribe who were also building countries in same regions 8. 1886 Gold strike in Transval, Boers would not allow non-Boer right to vote even though Europeans had more in population than Boers

21. South Africa (Boer Wars)

22. South Africa (Boer Wars) II. South Africa becomes a Confederation & Apartheid 1. 1910, British combined all colonies into confederation 2. constitution guaranteed rule of minority Europeans over majority of Africans a. mixed race peoples not allowed to own land, no suffrage, no opportunity 3. “white” elite of South Africa began policy of “apartheid” 4. segregation would last until mid- 1990’s 5. oppression, racial tension, economic exploitation of Africans