The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Mr. Craddock January 21, 2010

2. Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

3. The Factors of Production • Land- Not only includes land but also Natural resources- • Flowing Rivers for the power needed to power the early machinery • Coal needed to power the factories, and later to provide power for machinery • Iron Ore used to make the machines and later used to make steel products • Labor- The workers needed for the factories to • Capital- The money need to invest in the growth of industry

4. The Enclosure Movement

5. FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • James Watt's steam engine, 1765 • Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel • Widespread use by 1800 meant increased productivity, cheaper prices • Iron and steel also important industries, with continual refinement • Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as principal fuel • Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger steel • Transportation improved with steam engines and improved steel • George Stephenson invented the first steam-powered locomotive, 1815 • Steamships began to replace sailing ships in the mid-nineteenth century • Railroads and steamships lowered transportation costs • Created dense transportation networks

6. New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

7. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

8. The Power Loom

9. Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”

10. Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

11. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

12. The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.

13. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

14. Coal critical to the early industrialization of Britain Shift from wood to coal in 18TH century; deforestation caused wood shortages Abundant, accessible coal reserves in Britain Overseas colonies provided raw materials, capital Plantations in the Americas provided sugar and cotton Colonies also became markets for British manufactured goods Grain, timber, and beef shipped from United States to Britain after 1830 Profits from sugar funded banks, provided investment capital Demand for cheap cotton spurred mechanization of cotton industry Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, allowing huge amounts of cotton to be processed John Kay invented the flying shuttle, 1733 Samuel Compton invented the spinning "mule," 1779 Edmund Cartwright invented a water-driven power loom, 1785 FOUNDATIONS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

15. James Watt’s Steam Engine

16. An Early Steam Locomotive

17. Coalfields & Industrial Areas Metals, Woolens, & Canals

18. Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

19. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

20. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] • Coal more powerful than water • Iron more powerful than wood • Innovations make steel feasible * “Puddling” [1820] –pig iron * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel

21. British industrial monopoly 1750 to 1800 Forbade immigration of skilled workers Belgium, France Moved toward industrialization by mid-nineteenth century Belgium was first as it most resembled England, closest ports Germany Coal and iron ore deposits led to heavy industry, arms, shipping Built railroads to move German army around, benefiting commerce Rails required steel, coal Eventually developed chemicals, electrical industries SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

22. SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • The United States • Slow to start: few laborers, little capital • Cotton and Textiles began revolution • British craftsmen started cotton textile industry in New England, 1820s • Southern cotton was going to England, diverted to New England factories • New England most resembled Old England conditions • Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron, armaments, clothing, food production • Rail networks developed in 1860s • Integrated various regions of United States • Facilitated export markets, development of ports • Developed electrical, transportation industries

23. RESULTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

24. Factory system- factory replaced home (the domestic system) as center of production Factory system- Workers brought together in one location to build a product Economic Results

25. Mass production Division of labor--one worker performs only one operation Standardization-- interchangeable parts- Eli Whitney and the cotton gin Assembly line--product moves along moving belt to workers- Henry Ford used it to build the first mass produced automobile, the Ford Model T (“You can have it in any color you want so long as it is black.”) Economic Results

26. Mass production (cont’d.) Advantages Efficient use of workers and machines Economical use of raw materials Faster output of more goods at lower cost Disadvantages Workers perform monotonous, repetitious tasks Creativity is stifled Similar products push society into uniformity Economic Results

27. Modern capitalism Entrepreneurs devised system for financing, production, and trade Adam Smith led push to end mercantilism (government restrictions on production and trade) Wrote The Wealth of Nations- called for governments not to regulate business practices- Laissez-faire Free Market economics would bring about competition and self-regulation Promoted economic self-interest Economic Results

28. Modern capitalism (cont’d.) Laissez-faire included(s) Private ownership Free enterprise Profit motive Competition Market economy Late 19th century growth of bigbusinessand international economic interdependence Higher living standardsbegan to occur as government intervention and regulations took place Economic Results

29. Labor discontent Wages-low Hours-long Children (5+) and women held industrial jobs Factories-unsanitary/unsafe Technological unemployment Social Results

30. Growth of cities Jobs lured people to cities Eventually social and cultural opportunities began to appear for the wealthy Better transportation allowed easier movement of people and goods Cities suffered from poor sanitation, overcrowding, and pollution Social Results

31. Industrial Staffordshire

32. Problems of Pollution The Silent Highwayman - 1858

33. The New Industrial City

34. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

35. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

36. Early types Utopian Socialists Capitalists would voluntarily end capitalism when they saw merits of socialism Scientific Socialists Capitalism would destroy itself Karl Marx, a German economist, wrote The Communist Manifesto Said working class, which was being exploited, would rise up and overthrow the present system Socialism

37. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

38. The Luddites

39. Growth of democracy Rise of middle classes Grew in number and wealth Desired political influence Battle for democracy led to: Extension of suffrage Rise of new political parties Mass media informed citizenry Political Results

40. Government Response • Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. • Sadler Commission- to look intoworking conditions • Factory Act [1833] – child labor under the age of 9 was stopped • New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. • Poor houses. • Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the middle class. Working class did not receive vote until 1860’s. • Women did not receive suffrage until after WWI

41. Strengthened nationalism Mass media Transportation Impetus to imperialism Need for large quantities of raw materials Need for mass markets Political Results