Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress

WHS AP Psychology Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task 1-1: Essential Task: Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to understand behavior with specific attention to instincts for animals, biological factors like needs, drives, and homeostasis, and operant conditioning factors like incentives, and intrinsic versus extrinsic motivators.

Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs HumanDrives Measures Sources Motivation&Emotion Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Motivation Stress Effects Coping Explain complex motives(eating, aggression, achievement and sex) TheoriesofEmotion Opponent Process James-Lange CognitiveAppraisal Cannon-Bard Schachtertwo-factor

Essential Task 1-1: Outline • Basic motivational concepts to understand behavior • Instincts for animals • Simple and Complex Drives for humans • Needs • Drives (Primary vs. Secondary) • Homeostasis • Operant conditioning factors • Incentives • Intrinsic motivators • Extrinsic motivators

Motives vs. Emotions • Motive • Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior • a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. • Emotion • Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

Instincts are for animals NOT humans. • Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951). Outline

Humans don’t have instincts • This theory fell out of favor in psychology • A Meta-analysis during the height of this craze found 5759 ‘instincts’ • Most important human behaviors are learned • Human behavior is rarely inflexible and found throughout the species • Humans have reflexes but not instincts. • However, we may be predisposed to act certain ways – See Evolutionary Psychology in Unit 3

Needs vs. Drives • A need is a requirement that has to be fulfilled. • You need to breathe, drink water and eat food. • You need security • You need love • You need (want) money (lots of it) • A need creates a state of arousal called a drive. • Drive keeps us motivated and working to fulfill the need. • If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property), we keep working to fulfill this need. • Needs cab be biological, emotional and social.

Biological Drives (Primary Drives) • Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals • Motivate behavior necessary for survival • Hypothalamus • Hunger • Thirst • Sex • Evolutionary psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproducing).

Homeostasis – explains why we stop fulfilling biological drives. • The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance. • A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when tension or a drive has been reduced or eliminated.

Secondary Drives – not biologically dictated • Learned drives • Wealth • Success • Fame

Operant Conditioning • You do things to get rewards and to avoid punishments Go to work Come home at curfew

Operant Conditioning Factors • Incentives – environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a reward. • When a stimulus creates goal-directed behavior – you do it to get a reward Seeing a cue stimulates a motive. This is why ads use sex. It gets attention and stimulates a desire.

Two General Types of Rewards • INtrinsic – from the action itself or from within • EXtrinsic – for something else

Intrinsic Motivators • Refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades. • It is stronger than external motivation

Extrinsic Motivators • Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades.

Unit 1: Motivation, Emotion and Stress