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Cellular Structure and Function: The Core Principles Explained

Dive into the fundamentals of cell theory, plasma membrane structure, and protein synthesis with clear explanations and illustrations. Learn about the highly structured nature of cells, movement across membranes, and the role of the nucleus in cell function. Explore endocytosis, exocytosis, and the significance of DNA in chromosomes within the cell. This comprehensive guide will enhance your understanding of cellular biology.

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Cellular Structure and Function: The Core Principles Explained

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  1. Chapter 3The Cell (part 1)

  2. The Cell Theory • Three Principles • All organisms are composed of cells • Cells are the smallest living units of life • All cells arise from pre-existing cells (by cell division)

  3. Cells Are Highly Structured • Eukaryotic (“with nucleus”) cells are highly “compartmentalized” • plasma membrane • nucleus: information center • cytoplasm: fluid within membrane • organelles: structures with specialized functions • Prokaryotes have no nucleus or true organelles

  4. Prokaryotes have no nucleus or true organelles

  5. The Plasma Membrane • Structure of the plasma membrane

  6. Structural Features of the Plasma Membrane • Lipid bilayer • Phospholipids: polar head and nonpolar tail • Cholesterol: makes membrane a bit more rigid • Proteins: provide means of transportation through membrane • Carbohydrates: provide recognition for cells and organisms

  7. Movement Across the Plasma Membrane • Diffusion • Movement from area of highconcentration to low • Passive transport: no energy required

  8. Facilitated Diffusion • Diffusion that uses transport (carrier) proteins in membrane to assist moving molecules across the membrane both: • Down the concentration gradient • Without expending energy

  9. Active Transport • Active transport uses proteins andenergy to move substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

  10. Active Transport Proteins Use Energy

  11. Osmosis • Osmosis: net diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

  12. Osmosis and Tonicity

  13. Endocytosis (Phagocytosis) Moves Materials in Bulk • Endocytosis moves material into cell • Example: WBC engulfs bacteria

  14. Exocytosis Moves Materials in Bulk • Exocytosis moves material out of the cell • Example: secretion of hormones

  15. Structure and Function of the Nucleus • Functions: • Contains the genetic information of the cell • Controls the function & the operations of the cell • Structural features: • Double-layered nuclear membrane • Nuclear pores • Chromosomes/chromatin • Nucleolus (synthesizes ribosomes)

  16. Our Cells Are Highly Structured • Chromosomes contained in the nucleus are made of DNA

  17. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes • Ribosomes: used in synthesis of proteins • Free and membrane bound • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): packages the proteins • Smooth ER: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis & detoxifies alcohol and drugs • Rough ER: has ribosomes, protein synthesis

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