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Chapter 3 The Cell (part 2)

Chapter 3 The Cell (part 2). Golgi complex. Stacked sacs Receive proteins from ER Modifies them and packages them up. Lysosomes. Contain hydrolytic enzymes that : Bkdn old, worn out, or defective parts Digest foreign invaders (e.g., bacteria) engulfed by phagocytosis

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Chapter 3 The Cell (part 2)

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  1. Chapter 3The Cell (part 2)

  2. Golgi complex • Stacked sacs • Receive proteins from ER • Modifies them and packages them up

  3. Lysosomes • Contain hydrolytic enzymes that: • Bkdn old, worn out, or defective parts • Digest foreign invaders (e.g., bacteria) engulfed by phagocytosis • Helps with cell suicide (apoptosis)

  4. Vesicles Ship and Store Cellular Products • Vesicles: membrane-bound spheres • Used for secretion and storage • Examples: neurotransmitters, hormones, lysosomes Figure 3.18

  5. Cytoskeleton Supports the Cell • Microtubules • Microfilaments

  6. Mitochondria: Provide Energy to the Cell • Produce ATP • Contain chromosomes (DNA) • Evolved from prokaryote (bacteria-like organism) through symbiosis

  7. Our Cells Use Cellular Respiration to Generate ATP • Cellular respiration: Cells use glucose and oxygen to synthesize ATP • Three stages of respiration • Glycolysis: in cytoplasm • Citric Acid Cycle: in mitochondria • Electron Transport System: in mitochondria

  8. Overview of Respiration • C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

  9. Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm splitting glucose into two pyruvate molecules generating a net gain of two ATP and two NADH molecules

  10. Cellular Respiration • The transition reaction occurs within the mitochondria. CO2 is removed from each pyruvate forming 2 acetyl CoA molecules

  11. Cellular Respiration • Electrons are removed from Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle releasing two ATP, two FADH2 and six NADH molecules • CO2 is also released in this process

  12. Cellular Respiration • The electron transport chain is the final step where the electrons of FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one protein to another, until they reach oxygen • This process releases energy that results in 32 ATP

  13. Cellular Respiration: An Overview

  14. Brown Fat Fat fires up. PET/CT scans of a person exposed to cold (left) and at room temperature (right) show the dark signature of brown fat.

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