New World Encounters

1. 1 New World Encounters

2. Native American HistoriesBefore Conquest • 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants by crossing Beringia • 12,000 years ago—global warming reduced glaciers allowing humans to reach tip of South America • These Paleo-Indians lost immunities to many communicative diseases

3. Routes of the First Americans

4. The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture • Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat • Some suggest that overhunting caused the extinction of several large species • Global warming may have also put large animals under stress • A reduced food supply caused Indians to develop new food sources

5. The AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • 5000 years ago – agricultural revolution (development of agriculture) revolutionalized Native American cultures • Crops included maize, squash, and beans • Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities • Explains difference in Indian cultures in New World

6. Mysterious Disappearances • Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon • Sophisticated irrigation • Well-built roads for transportation • Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley • Large ceremonial mounds • Extensive trade network

7. Mysterious Disappearances • Cahokia—Mississippi Valley • Large ceremonial mounds • Far-flung trade network

8. Aztec Dominance • Aztecs settled valley of Mexico • Center of large, powerful empire • Highly-organized social and political structure • Ruled through fear and force

9. Eastern Woodland Cultures • Atlantic coast of North America • Native Americans lived in smaller bands • Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering • First and most often natives encountered by English settlers were Algonquian speaking

10. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

11. LONGHOUSE • Woodland Indian longhouse

12. Woodland Village • Houses and crops

13. Cultural Negotiations • Diversity of language groups • Place in society defined through kinship • Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation • Diplomacy, trade, war organized around feuds and historic enemies

14. Confederacies ofEastern North America • Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie • Iroquois—central New York • Powhattan—Chesapeake • Algonquian – English encounter along Atlantic Coast

15. Threats to Survival: Trade • Native Americans were eager for European trade – determined their relationship with Europeans • They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans • Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

16. Threats to Survival: Disease • Contact brought population decline among American Indians and disrupted cultures • Disease – greatest factor in destruction of Native Americans: lack of resistance to epidemic disease • Smallpox • Measles • Influenza • Rate as high as 95%

17. West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies • Slavery ancient custom • 800/900 AD Muslim trades brought Islam to Africa – camel caravans crossed the Sahara • They also came for gold and slaves and took them to Middle East – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persia) and Iraq • Africa – a history of empires – not a united society

18. Trade Routes in Africa

19. Slave Castle in Africa

20. Beginnings of theSlave Trade • Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to Saharan Africa • Native rulers sold prisoners of war and others to Portuguese as slaves from slave castles and factories • Portuguese came for slaves and gold

21. How Many Slaves? • Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year • Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas • By 1860—ca. 11 million • Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas

22. Europe on the Eve of Conquest • Tenth century— Vikings - Scandinavian (Norway, Sweden) Leif Ericson -settled “Vinland” • Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement finally attained • Rise of nation-states • Spread of new technologies/Renaissance • General Prosperity • Rise of population

23. Conditions for Settlement in New World • Rise of nation states - new monarchs forge nations from scattered provinces – gain power and money • Renaissance – new technologies for sailing (lateen sail, compass, maps) • General prosperity – new middle class – new source of revenue/taxes • Population growth after 1450

24. Imagining a New World • Spain becomes the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization • Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella • Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization

25. Myths and Reality • Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward water expedition to “Cathay” (China) • 1492—initial voyage • Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China • People knew world was round

26. Myths and Reality • 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient • Made possible Spanish dominion in America • Spain’s main interest – previous metals (gold and silver) • Treaty of Tordesillas divided world between Spain and Portugal (Portugal got Brazil)

27. The Conquistadores • Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands • By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated • By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire

28. Voyages of European Exploration

29. From Plunder to Settlement • Encomienda System rewarded and controlled Conquistadors • Large land grants • Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute • Appointed officials answered only to crown • Catholic Church • Protected Indian rights • Performed mass conversions

30. From Plunder to Settlement • By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World • Unmarried males intermarried – more racially tolerant than English • Mixed-blood population emerged • More tolerant of Indians than English

31. The French Claim Canada • 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec • French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley and Canada • French crown makes little effort to foster settlement

32. The French Claim Canada • French explorers seeking Northwest passage to China • Fur trade underpinned economy • Indians became valued trading partners in the fur trade business • French fur traders – coureurs de bois • Business adventure – no support from King of France

33. The English Enterthe Competition • English late in competition for New World because of political and religious turmoil in England • England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

34. Birth of English Protestantism • Protestant Reformation had a major role in England’s settlement of New World • 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany • 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva • Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics

35. Militant Protestantism • Lutheran Reformation • God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests • Justification by faith alone for salvation • Calvinist Reformation • John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence • Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation

36. Militant Protestantism • Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe • France—Huguenots • Scotland—Presbyterians • England—Puritans

37. Religion, War, and Nationalism • Spanish hostility made Queen Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood • Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes • Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire • 1588—Spanish Armada defeated

38. Irish Rehearsal forAmerican Settlement • English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World • The Irish were considered a rehearsal for American settlement • To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric • They would view Native Americans the same way

39. An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 • He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen • The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 • The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery • Failed because of poor planning, England’s war with Spain and hostilities with Native Americans

40. Campaign to Sell America • By 1600, no English settlements in New World • Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization • Claimed that England needs American colonies • New World was a paradise for the taking