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Cold War

Cold War. 1945-1989. What, Who, When, Where, Why, How?. What is a Cold War? A war where two enemies don’t actually fight Who is involved? U.S. & U.S.S.R (Soviet Union) When? 1945-1989 Where? Around the world – Germany, Korea, Vietnam, Cuba… Why are we fighting?

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Cold War

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  1. Cold War 1945-1989

  2. What, Who, When, Where, Why, How? • What is a Cold War? • A war where two enemies don’t actually fight • Who is involved? • U.S. & U.S.S.R (Soviet Union) • When? • 1945-1989 • Where? • Around the world – Germany, Korea, Vietnam, Cuba… • Why are we fighting? • U.S. wanted to stop the spread of communism • How is the war fought? • Arms race – both sides build up their nuclear weapons • Back and forth threats

  3. How Does It Begin? Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

  4. Yalta Conference • Germany divided into 4 zones run by Allies • United Nations formed (50 nations) • Declaration of Liberated Europe 1. People of Europe can create their own government as long as it is not Nazi or fascist 2. U.S., Great Britain, & Russia will: • Establish peace in their countries • Provide aid to people who need it • Form temporary governments that represent democratic society & free elections

  5. 1948 Berlin Blockade • Truman wanted a united Germany • Soviet Union felt threatened by united Germany • Berlin caught in the middle of the unification • Stalin sent troops to block all traffic/supplies to Berlin from the rest of Germany • Berlin airlift – 10 months to prevent war • Stalin stopped in May 1949 but Germany divided • East Germany – Communist • West Germany – allied to U.S.

  6. Iron Curtain – Churchill 1946 • What was the term used to stop the spread of communism? - Containment • How did the U.S. help stop the spread of communism? - Truman Doctrine - Provide aid (money) to threatened countries (nonmilitary) - Marshall Plan – U.S. gave $13 billion to help into Western Europe

  7. Build Up & Alliances Formed • UN – United Nations, June 1945, 50 countries joined to settle international disputes & prevent future wars • NATO – 1949 - 10 European countries agreed to help if attacked by the Soviets • Warsaw Pact – 1955 – Soviets allied with Eastern European countries • NSC – 1950 – U.S. releases report vowing to stop spread of communism • 1949 – Mao Zedong – China becomes communist

  8. The Cold War: 1945-1960

  9. The Cold War: 1960-1991

  10. Korean War 1950 • North Korea remains communist & South Korea democratic • Demilitarized Zone – U.S. troops help protect

  11. Rivalry • 1956 – Egypt seizes Suez Canal & Europeans invade eventually U.S. & Soviets got them to pull out • Nov. 1956 – Hungarian students rebel against communist government & Soviet military crushes revolt; Eisenhower condemns actions, but doesn’t intervene • Geneva Summit – NATO leaders & Soviets agree to coexist – compete but NO war

  12. Rivalry Continues • Kennedy creates Peace Corps to provide economic relief to counteract appeal of communism • 1959 – Fidel Castro takes over Cuba and aligns with Soviets • April 1961 – Bay of Pigs – U.S. failed to spark uprising in Cuba • Aug. 1961 – Berlin Wall built

  13. Brink of Nuclear War • Oct. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis • Spy planes saw Soviets building launch pad in Cuba • Kennedy sets up blockade • Threatens – if ship tries to break blockade he’d use nuclear weapons • 5 days later Soviets agreed to leave Cuba & U.S. would not invade

  14. Vietnam War 1941-1975 • Ho Chi Minh (communist) – defeated Japanese during WWII & afterwards French colonist • Geneva Accords – temporarily divide Vietnam into North & South and then unify after 1956 elections • 1955 – American supported Ngo Dinh Diem refused elections & cracked down on communism • 1959 – Communists set up the National Liberation Front (Vietcong) to begin war against Diem • Eisenhower sent money, Kennedy sent Special Forces • Gulf of Tonkin – Pres. Johnson sends troops in after alleged attack on U.S. ship • After years of fighting, large opposition to U.S. involvement in war • Years of fighting – April 1975 – South Vietnam surrenders to North

  15. Rivalry Continues • Dec. 1979 – Soviets invade Afghanistan, Pres. Carter orders sanctions

  16. Impact on American Culture • Arms Race • Duck & Cover and Fallout Shelters • Red Scare • McCarthyism – accusations without proof • HUAC • Rosenbergs, Alger Hiss, Hollywood Ten • Blacklists • Space Race – Oct. 1957 Soviet Sputnik launched causes NASA program

  17. Peace attempts • 1963 - Kennedy & Khrushchev agree to hot line between Moscow & Washington • 1963 - Treaty banning nuclear tests aboveground and underwater • 1971 – Nixon’s “Ping-Pong Diplomacy” – secret talks between U.S. & China forging closer ties • 1972 – Nixon’s Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) – restricted the number of certain types of nuclear missiles built by U.S. & Soviets • 1987 – Reagan & Gorbachev sign Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) – reduce number of nuclear weapons in arsenals

  18. President’s Policies • Eisenhower – Brinkmanship – “Domino Theory” • Kennedy – continues arms race, flexible response – used specially trained military groups to fight guerilla wars in nations fighting communism • Johnson – Vietnam War – stop spread of communism • Nixon – • Vietnamization – plan for South to take more active role & U.S. start to remove troops, but continued to bomb Cambodia and Laos • Détente – attempt to relax international tensions, needed a balance of power to make peace with Soviets • Ford – Continues detente • Carter – Human Rights activist – Cuba, Latin America, South Africa • Reagan – Rejected containment & détente • Military build up – “Star Wars” antimissile defense system

  19. End of Cold War • 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev commits to reforming Soviet government • 1990 – Bush & Gorbachev sign Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) – destroy existing nuclear weapons • Throughout Eastern Europe communist governments fell • Nov. 9, 1989 – Berlin Wall comes down & Germany is united • Dec. 25, 1991 – Yelstin outlawed Communist Party in Russia & Gorbachev announces end of Soviet Union

  20. Free –Democracy - Government – Private – CapitalismRepublicans – Communism – 1 – 2 - Communist • In the United States businesses are owned by _____________ citizens. • In the Soviet Union the ___________ owns the businesses. • There is only __ political party in the Soviet Union, it is the ________ party. • Americans have __ major political parties, the Democrats and the _________. • In America you can read about anything you want to because America has a _______ press. • The Russians live under a political and economic system called________________. • The Americans live under an economic system called__________. • Americans like to think of their country as being a ___________ because the majority rules in most cases. • Citizens in the Soviet Union are given their jobs by the _____________. • In the Soviet Union all the factories and companies are owned by the _____________.

  21. The U.S. or The Soviet Union? • Free Elections • Communist • Everybody helps everyone else • Capitalist • No Elections – Or Fixed • Survival of the Fittest • Freedom of the Media • Democratic • Total Censorship • Dictatorship

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