Bellringer

1. Bellringer • What East Asian nation transformed itself from an isolated feudal nation to a powerful rival to European nations?

2. Bellringer • What East Asian nation transformed itself from an isolated feudal nation to a powerful rival to European nations? • Japan

3. Today-Objectives- The Scramble for Africa • Analyze the forces that shaped Africa. • Explain why European contact with Africa increased during the 1800s. • Understand how Leopold II started a scramble for colonies. • Describe how Africans resisted imperialism. • Complete definitions & examine cartoons • Learn a new African American hero

4. Today is: • St Patrick’s Day • Holi

5. Terms and People • Usman dan Fodio – scholar who inspired resistance against corruption and European control; began an Islamic revival in northern Nigeria • Shaka– military leader of the Zulu who united his people, setting off a series of wars in southern Africa • paternalistic–governing a country as a father would a child • David Livingstone–an African explorer and missionary who hoped to open the African interior to trade and Christianity to end slavery

6. Terms and People(continued) • Henry Stanley – American journalist who trekked across Africa and “found” Dr. Livingstone in 1871 • King Leopold II– king of Belgium who set off a scramble among European powers for African colonies in the late 1800s • Boer War–1899–1902; a war in which the British defeated Dutch Boers in South Africa • Samori Touré –leader of forces fighting the French in West Africa • Suez Canal- canal that linked the Mediterranean with the Red Sea drastically shortening the trip from Europe to the Indian Ocean

7. Terms and People(continued) • Yaa Asanewaa – queen of the Asante who led her people’s battle against the British in West Africa • Nehanda– woman who led the Shona of Zimbabwe against the British until her capture and execution • Menelik II–reforming leader who tried to modernize Ethiopia, allowing it to avoid colonial takeover • elite –upper class • Social Darwinism – certain nations or races are more fit than others • Berlin Conference- conference where Europeans in 1884-1885 agreed the conditions by which they would divide Africa

8. How did imperialistic European powers claim control over most of Africa by the end of the 1800s? In the late 1800s, Britain, France, Germany, and other European powers began to compete for African territories. Within about 20 years, the Europeans had carved up the continent and dominated millions of Africans. Although many resisted, Africans could not prevent European conquest of their territory.

10. Africa is a continent roughly three times the size of Europe. • It was made up of hundreds of diverse cultures and languages, and included large states and small villages. • By the mid 1800s, Europeans had gained a toehold in several areas of the continent.

13. African regions varied in history and religion.

14. African regions varied in history and religion.

15. The slave trade was in decline but continued to have an impact on Africa. • In the early 1800s, European nations began to outlaw the Atlantic slave trade. • Sierra Leone and Liberia were formed as settlements for former slaves. • By 1847, Liberia was an independent republic and retained its independence despite the growth of imperialism. • The East African slave trade to Asia continued.

16. Earlier Europeans had been kept from the interior by disease, the geography, and local resistance. Led by explorers such as Mungo Park and Richard Burton, Europeans began to penetrate to the interior. Richard Burton European contacts increased in the late 1800s.

17. Motives for Imperialism • Economic Motives • -source for raw materials • Europeans developed mines, plantations & trading routes.

18. Motives for Imperialism Political Motives -competition for colonies. Nationalism -colonies asserted a Europeans nation’s status as a great power.

19. Social Darwinism • Certain nations or races are more fit than others. • Fit nations should rule over nations that are less fit. • Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution & natural selection are applied to human society

20. Those who were fittest genetically for survival enjoyed wealth & success. Poor remain poor because they are unfit. Non-Europeans considered to be lower on a scale of cultural & physical development Used as justification for imperialist expansion Social Darwinism Deserve to be rich Deserve to be poor

21. Most Christian missionaries had a sincere wish to help and educate Africans. • They built schools and medical clinics alongside their churches. • For Some, Africans were little more than children needing their assistance. Missionaries who arrived were often motivated by paternalistic attitudes toward Africans.

22. For thirty years he criss-crossed East Africa. • Livingstone believed trade and Christianity were the ways to end the slave trade. • He blazed a trail that others followed. The best known of the missionaries was Dr. David Livingstone.

23. In 1871, the Welsh-American journalist Henry Stanley trekked across Africa to “find” Livingstone. • Stanley found Livingstone in present-day Tanzania, greeting him with the now-famous words “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.” • Later hired by King Leopold II of Belgium, Stanley explored the Congo river basin, seeking wealth and fame and setting off a competition for colonies.

24. Henry Morgan Stanley

25. To avoid bloodshed, the European powers met in Berlin in 1884 to divide up Africa. • No Africans were invited to the conference. • The Berlin Conference recognized Leopold’s claim to private ownership of the Congo. • It was further agreed that Europeans had to send officials to control the areas they claimed.

26. Africa, 1914 With little regard for ethnic or linguistic boundaries, Europeans split Africa among themselves over the course of 20 years.

27. In the Congo, brutal abuses took place as the people were exploited for ivory, copper, and rubber. But Belgians still treated the Congo as a possession to be exploited. International outrage forced Leopold to turn the Congo over to Belgium.

28. In 1908, the Congo became the Belgian Congo. • It supplied mineral and other wealth to Belgium. • The people of the Congo received little in return and had little control of their land. The Belgian Congo

29. France took a large portion of northern Africa. • In the 1830s, many died as France took Algeria. • France later extended its control into Tunisia and sections of Central and West Africa. French colonies in northwestern Africa

30. Britain’s share of Africa was more scattered than that of France. • Cecil Rhodes, a leading champion of British imperialism, proposed a British railroad from Cape Town to Cairo. • In the Boer War (1899–1902), Britain won control of South Africa. • South Africa began a tradition of racial segregation that lasted until 1993.

31. Name for Dutch settlers in South Africa (Afrikaners) Dutch people are from the Netherlands British come & they move north = Great Trek Boers

32. Diamonds discovered in S. Africa The British rushed in seeking fortune War between Britain & Boers started Used guerrilla warfare & concentration camps Britain won the war British would change the way of life for the people they conquered Boer War

33. Italian Africa Portuguese Africa • Additional European powers who sought colonies included: • Germany • Italy • Portugal German Africa Other European nations sought colonies as well.

34. Scientific advances • Scientific advances helped Europeans • -drug quinine helped fight malaria • - Maxim gun -machine gun gave Europeans a military advantage • Railroads, steamships, telegraphs made travel & communication possible

35. Suez Canal • Canal linked the Mediterranean with the Red Sea drastically shortening the trip from Europe to the Indian Ocean • When the Egyptian government appeared unstable the British occupied Egypt to protect the canal • Egypt was made a protectorate

36. African resistance • Zulu leader Shaka built a strong Zulu kingdom. • 1879 the British invaded Zulu territory. • Zulus won a major victory but eventually the British defeated the Zulus and annexed their kingdom as a colony.

37. Many Africans resisted imperialism. • The French faced resistance from the Algerians and from Samori Touré in West Africa. • The British battled Asante queen Yaa Asantewaa. • Another woman warrior who resisted imperialism was Nehanda of the Shona people. • These efforts at resistance failed. However, in the 1900s, a new eliteof Western-educated Africans would forge nationalist movements to pursue independence.

38. The ancient kingdom of Ethiopia succeeded in resisting European rule. • Reforming ruler Menelik II modernized his country, purchased weapons, and hired Europeans to plan roads and bridges. • In 1896, he defeated an attacking Italian force and remained independent. • Battle of Adowa – Ethiopia successfully defeats Italians

39. Negative Effects Africans lost control of their land New diseases introduced to Africa Thousands killed fighting Europeans Artificial boundaries combined or unnaturally divided ethnic groups at End of 19th cen. Legacy of Colonial Rule in Africa Smallpox introduced to Africa

40. African Languages What problems do you think these borders caused? • Borders drawn by Europeans

41. Positive Effects Sanitation improved (safer drinking water & waste management) Hospitals & schools built (life spans & literacy rates increased) Legacy of Colonial Rule

42. Next • Complete the definitions, organizer & cartoon • Read about William Sheppard, African American Hero & answer the questions