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Unraveling the Cold War: Origins, Conflicts, and Strategies

Explore the historical backdrop, ideologies, and key events of the Cold War era, including propaganda, alliances like NATO & the Warsaw Pact, arms and space race, with insights into US-Soviet relations and pivotal moments like the Korean War.

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Unraveling the Cold War: Origins, Conflicts, and Strategies

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  1. THE COLD WAR

  2. THE COLD WAR What was it & why did it happen? Part I

  3. What was the COLD WAR? • Who was it between? • The US (and their allies) vs. USSR (and their allies) • What were they doing? • State of conflict, tension and competition • When did this occur? • 1940s-early 1990s • Why were they fighting? • Each country wanted to spread and promote its goals and influence around the world

  4. What was the COLD WAR? • How did they “fight” a cold war? • Military coalitions • Espionage • Weapons development • Technological development • Space Race • Also included “proxy” wars • Nuclear arms race • And of course….PROPAGANDA

  5. Cold War Propaganda – Pop Culture Nikolai Volkoff Hulk Hogan 1980 US Hockey

  6. Cold War Propaganda – Movies

  7. An Iron Curtain • Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech marks the start of the Cold War • Speech given in Missouri • Symbolized the ideological boundary separating Europe post WWII • Expressed the vast philosophical ideologies

  8. Soviet Expansion • Stalin expresses desire to create “buffer zone” of “friendly nations” • Satellite nations • Actually under the control of the Soviet Union

  9. How did the U.S. view Stalin and his Communist regime?

  10. The Soviet Union point-of-view “All communist parties must take the lead in resisting the plans of American imperialist expansion and aggression in all spheres…its basic aim is the establishment of the world domination of American imperialism and the smashing of our freedom (1947).”

  11. The Cold War – The 1940s The Early Stages Part II

  12. Important Events of 1946 • Greece • Civil war • Communists attempting to overthrow the gov’t • Turkey • Soviet Union makes territorial demands • Canada • Soviet spy ring is exposed

  13. Early US Response • Containment (1946) • Established by George Kennan • Goal was to restrict Soviet expansion

  14. Early US Cold War Policies • Marshall Plan (1947) • European Recovery Program • $17 Billion in aid • Aid is offered to USSR (refused) • No aid is given to communist governments of Eastern Europe

  15. How do the Russians interpret the Marshall Plan?

  16. Soviet Response to the Marshall Plan They believed the U.S. was trying to bribe European countries to accept capitalism and democracy

  17. The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe • Soviet Union troops crush uprisings in • Hungary (1956) • Poland (1956)

  18. NATO & Warsaw

  19. What is NATO? • Official Name • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Purpose • Military Alliance • Attack on one of them is an attack on all • Membership – • Formed in 1949 • US, France, United Kingdom, Canada, West Germany, and others

  20. What is the Warsaw Pact? • Official Name • The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance • Also known as the Warsaw Treaty Organization • Purpose • Military alliance • The Soviet Union’s response to NATO • Membership – • Established in 1955 • Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Albania, and the Czechoslovak Republic

  21. Crisis in Berlin • USSR opposes Allied plan to create West German govt. • (6/1948) USSR blocks traffic to and from W. Berlin • Berlin Airlift – Allies drop 2 tons of food over 10 month period • 1949 – German division = West Germany and East Germany (USSR) • 1955 West Germany granted full independence

  22. Communism in China • Mao Zedong led communists • US attempted to aid the Chinese who fought Communism • 1949 – The People’s Republic of China • Communist government

  23. The Cold War – The 1950s The Arms & Space Race Part IV

  24. “The Bomb” • The Nuclear Arms Race Begins • USSR test “atomic bomb” in August 1949 • US gov’t educates public on how to respond to a nuclear attack • “Duck and Cover” and “fall-out” shelters • US tests Hydrogen bomb in 1952 • USSR tests their own H-Bomb in 1953

  25. “Duck and Cover” and Fall-out Shelters

  26. Eisenhower and a New Philosophy • President Eisenhower • Vowed to liberate all countries that fell to USSR control since 1954 • CIA used to gather strategic info and pursue Cold War goals • Brinkmanship • “The ability to get to the verge [brink] w/o getting into war is a necessary art”

  27. The CIA & The Cold War • CIA used military power and influence to install pro-US governments • The Shah in Iran in 1951 • Guatemala in 1954 • US U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia in 1960 • Pilot Gary Powers served almost 2 yrs and was exchanged for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel

  28. Nikita Khrushchev 1953 - 1964

  29. The Space Race • Nikita Khrushchev new USSR leader • Beginning of the Space Race • Sputnik – 1957 • First satellite in space • Sputnik II – 1957 • Dog on board • US responds • Explorer I (1958) • Man on the Moon (1969)

  30. The Cold War Turns HOT!

  31. War in Korea (1950-1953) • Japanese control Korea 1910-1945 • Post WWII • Soviet controlled North (Kim Il Sung) • Allied controlled South (Syngman Rhee) • Divided at the 38th Parallel @ Potsdam Conference • 6/25/1950 North invades the South • Truman and the UN pledge support to South Korea

  32. Fighting in Korea • General MacArthur led US forces in Korea • U.S. 350,000 • Total Forces • ~800,000 • North Koreans forces • Aid from USSR • Aid from China • Enters the war in November

  33. Fighting in Korea • Fighting turns to stalemate • Near the 38th parallel • Peace talks began in 1951 • Agreement finally on 6/27/1953 • Results of the war • 54,000 US deaths • Stalemate – little land was won/lost on both sides • North and South Korea remained divided

  34. The Cold War in the 1960s Crisis and More War Part V

  35. The Cold War under President Kennedy • Continued a nuclear arms buildup • Increased US participation in Vietnam • Created aid programs for developing countries

  36. The Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviet Missiles could not reach US from Soviet Union • Began constructing missile launching pads in Cuba • US could hit USSR via missile bases in Turkey

  37. Results of the Soviet bases gave USSR range to attack the US

  38. The Cuban Missile Crisis • United States U-2 spy plane captures the building of the pads on 10/14/1962, • JFK institutes a blockade of Cuba on 10/22 • Soviet Union sent ships to deliver more materials to Cuba • Two days of tension as nuclear war looms

  39. The Cuban Missile Crisis • Soviet ships turn away before reaching the blockade on 10/24 • US removed missiles from Turkey • USSR removed missiles from Cuba

  40. Crisis in Germany

  41. The Berlin Wall • Built 1961 – stood until 1989 • Built to surround the Western half of the capital city of Berlin • Barred travel for all East Germans to the West • Could only travel to West with gov’t pass • Most were denied • Initially a wire fence, concrete wall starting 1965 • 5,000 people successfully defected, 100 – 200 deaths trying to escape

  42. THE BERLIN WALL

  43. The Soviet Union • Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia (1968) • Crush a “liberalization” movement • The "Brezhnev Doctrine“ • Established by Leonid Brezhnev • Head of the Politburo 1964-1982 • USSR can intervene in other communist states if communism is threatened in any way

  44. The Vietnam War (1959-1975) • Why does the US get involved? • The Domino Theory • If North took South it would trigger the further spread of communism

  45. The Vietnam War • Sides of the war • North Vietnam • Communist leader Ho Chi Minh • Aid from USSR • Also had allies in the South • Known as the Vietcong • South Vietnam • Dictator Ngo Dinh Diem • Aid from the US

  46. Vietnam War Information • Important Events • First Major Battle • Battle of the Ia Drang Valley (1965) • US troops got hammered— “We Were Soldiers” • Tet Offensive of 1968 • North guerillas launch massive surprise attack • Turning point of the war • Anti-war sentiment in US increased • Bloodiest year of the war (15,000 American troops died)

  47. Vietnam War Information • “Vietnamization” Policy in 1968 • Gradually pulled troops from the war • President Nixon arranged a cease fire • Paris Peace Accords (1973) • Two years later the North captured the South

  48. Vietnam War Results • For Vietnam • Unified country • 2 million killed • 3 million wounded • For the United States • 57,685 killed • 153,303 wounded • 587 POW were released from POW camps • 2,000+ personnel are still unaccounted for

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