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You will learn. How international conflicts are prevented and resolvedCo-operation among countriesThe need for a two-pronged approach to the defence of Singapore. DIPLOMACY. Diplomacy is the way countries manage or conduct relations with one anotherMain aim : To promote common interestsResolve
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1. DIPLOMACY & DETERRENCE
2. You will learn How international conflicts are prevented and resolved
Co-operation among countries
The need for a two-pronged approach to the defence of Singapore
3. DIPLOMACY Diplomacy is the way countries manage or conduct relations with one another
Main aim :
To promote common interests
Resolve conflicting interest peacefully
Diplomats
Reps to keep in touch with foreign governments
Consular, economic and political functions
Report back to own country
Sometimes play the role of peacemaker
4. DIPLOMACY RESOLVING CONFLICTS Conflicts arise because of misunderstanding
Diplomacy allows countries to meet to resolve their differences
Sometimes other countries or intl orgns mediate to resolve dispute
Diplomacy allows differences to be resolve peacefully
No need to resort to force or violence
5. DIPLOMACY INTL CO-OPERATION Diplomacy is shown in intl co-operation
Takes the form of
Providing assistance
Transfer of knowledge and skills
Eg developed countries provide money and training to developing countries
Eg co-operate to solve common problems smuggling of goods across borders
6. DIPLOMACY INTL CO-OPERATION Provides a way for countries to come together to prevent a potential aggressor from attacking other countries
Possible actions against aggressor
Economic boycott
Countries stop trade with aggressor
Negative effects on aggressors economy
Unable to export its goods loses important source of revenue
Also cannot import essential goods like machinery and medicine
Military strike
Threat of being punished may discourage potential aggressor
7. TYPES OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Bilateral Relations
Singapores Bilateral Relations
Regional Relations
ASEAN
Singapore in ASEAN
International Relations
The United Nations
Singapore in the United Nations
8. BILATERAL RELATIONS Diplomatic relations between two countries
Exchange of diplomats
Sometimes treaties are signed by both governments
Covers trade, cultural exchanges, technology assistance and help in times of need
Disagreement can be discussed and settled peacefully
Relations are strengthened when leaders visit each other
9. BILATERAL RELATIONS SINGAPORE Singapore has established bilateral relations with many countries since independence
Sgp believes its interest can be promoted through bilateral ties
Some benefits :
Trade with China
Transfer of skills and technology from Germany
Cultural exchange with Malaysia
Sgp willing to help its friends in need
Doctors, nurses and teachers sent to Vietnam and Nepal
Sgps bilateral relations help it gain world recognition
10. REGIONAL RELATIONS SINGAPORE Countries in the same region sometimes come together to form an association
The association becomes stronger by combining the strengths of the members
Better placed to deal with other countries or associations
Eg European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
14. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations An assn of SEA countries
Before 1967 No assn that included most of the SEA countries
1963 Strained ties between Indonesian and Malaysia because of Confrontation
Philippines also broke off ties with Msia because of its claim over Sabah
15. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations 1967 5 SEA leaders realised that it would be better to co-operate with each other than to be at odds with each other
ASEAN was formed on 8 Aug 1967
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand
Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia joined later
16. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations 3 Main Aims
Promote economic, social and cultural development of the region
Protect peace and stability of the region
Provide opportunities for member countries to discuss and resolve differences peacefully
17. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Promote economic, social and cultural development of the region
ASEAN members co-operated to improve economies
ASEAN also established ties with other countries and associations to promote trade in the region
Eg Japan has invested heavily in the region
Members have benefited from transfer of technology
18. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Promote economic, social and cultural development of the region
1978 : Committee established to promote greater understanding and appreciation of culture and heritage of its members
Cultural exchanges organised film festivals, music and drama workshops, art exhibitions
19. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations 2. Protect peace and stability of the region
Cambodia : Civil war in 1980s
Fighting groups supported by countries outside ASEAN
ASEAN and the UN persuaded the different groups in Cambodia to stop fighting and form a new democratic government
20. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Provide opportunities for member countries to discuss and resolve differences peacefully
Differences over national boundaries, trade agreements, fishing rights and immigration
Spratly Islands : Claimed by Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines and Vietnam
Issue not resolved to date; countries try to arrive at a peaceful solution
Islands of Sipadan and Ligitan : Malaysia and Indonesia
21. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Provide opportunities for member countries to discuss and resolve differences peacefully
Pedra Branca : Singapore and Malaysia
Countries involved in these disagreements choose to discuss their problems through negotiations and meetings
At times, seek help from international orgns to settle disputes
Eg UN Intl Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case of Pedra Branca
22. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Singapore in ASEAN
As a founding member, Sgp actively tries to maintain peace and prosperity in SEA
Eg Took on leadership role in ASEAN regional Forum (ARF)
ARF provides opportunities for ASEA and other countries USA, CHINA, JAPAN, KOREA, AUSTRALIA to discuss important issues
23. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Singapore in ASEAN
Sgp also shares its technical knowledge and expertise with other ASEAN countries
Training courses are arranged for those interested in learning from Singapores experience
Set up training centres overseas
Eg Technical training center set up in Vietnam in 1997 to help Vietnam industrilaise
Also gives scholarships to ASEAN students to study in Singapore
26. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (IR) IR involves ties among many groupings and countries in the world
In IR, the UNITED NATIONS (UN) plays an important role
UN serves the needs of all countries in the world
UN is a well-known intl organisation
Main mission : PRESERVE WORLD PEACE esp after two World Wars
Founded in 1945 by the major powers of the world
Started with 51 members
1999 : 188 members
27. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Providing help to countries in need
Helps countries facing immediate problems eg famines and earthquakes
Sends food and medical aid
Giving a Voice to every member country
Members have a right to vote on decisions that may affect them
An opportunity to voice grievances in the General Assembly
General Assembly : Like a World Parliament where members can vote on various issues
Safeguarding Peace and Stability
28. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Safeguarding Peace and Stability
UN sends peacekeeping forces to troubled areas
Comprise members from member countries
Thus an international force
Peacekeepers do not simply go to any troubled area
Must first have the consent of UN members and the countries in conflict
Main task of peacekeeping force : Ensure parties involved in an armed conflict observe the peace by keeping them apart and preventing them from fighting
Peacekeepers must be neutral not to side with any party involved in the conflict
29. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS The UN Security Council
Maintains peace and security among member countries
Eg when war breaks out, it may issue stern warning to aggressor, organise a boycott or take military action to end the war
15 members in the SC
5 permanent members : China, the Russian Federation, the USA, the UK and France
The remaining ten members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms
30. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS The UN International Court of Justice (ICJ)
ICJ helps member countries settle their disputes peacefully
It is like a World Court where members can present their disputes
Not compulsory for members to settle their disputes through ICJ
However, when they do, they must abide by its decision
32. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Singapore in the UN
Singapore : Member since independence in 1965
Sgp is recognised as an independent country by the UN
We are not under the rule or control of any country
As a member, Sgp was given help and advice by UN experts on social and economic development
Eg Dr Albert Winsemius, the economic expert who helped Sgps economy after independence
Although a small country, Sgps membership enables us to voice our opinion on world affairs
Since 1980 : Sgp sent over 400 police, SAF and civil service officers on UN peacekeeping missions to various countries
33. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Singapore in the UN
1995 : Sgp played an important role in the UN Law of the Sea Conference
The Conference was to decide on the territorial rights of a country over its waters
Sgps representative to the UN, Prof Tommy Koh chaired the conference
34. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Singapore will continue to be deeply committed to the UN. The UN is not perfect, but it is the best institution similar to a world government that we have. Small countries like Singapore need the UN, and must play a positive role in supporting it.