Chapter 3 The Industrial Revolution

1. Chapter 3The Industrial Revolution

2. 1. The Agricultural Revolution -The Industrial Revolution started in Britain as a result of the Agricultural Revolution, changes in farming greatly increased the amount and variety of food produced. 1)During the 1700’s, farmers in Britain began to grow new crops such as potatoes and corn that were introduced from the American colonies. 2)In the 1730’s, Crop Rotation was introduced. It was discovered that fields did not have to be left empty if farmers would rotate the crops they planted in the fields.

3. 1. The Agricultural Revolution (Pg 2) 3)New farmland machines also increased food production. The Seed Drill, Iron Plow and Mechanical Reapers was introduced that made farming more efficient 4) Changes in land ownership also contributed to increased food production. Wealthy land owners began consolidating former feudal common lands and making larger more efficient farms. This became known as the Enclosure Movement.

4. 2. Effects -The Agricultural Revolution helped set the stage for the Industrial Revolution. 1) With more food available, people’s diet and health improved. 2) As populations increased, the demand for manufactured goods increased. 3) More efficient methods of farming meant that fewer people need to work the lands.

5. 3. Changes in the Textile Industry -While changes in agriculture put many farmers out of work, inventions in the textile industry created new jobs. -During the 1500’s and 1600’s, families produced cloth at home (Domestic System) -However, the domestic system could not produce enough cloth to keep up with the rising demand for cloth

6. 3. Changes in the Textile Industry -New inventions would make producing cloth faster. These new machines were so large that they could not fit in the home and needed water to turn them. (Power Loom)

7. 3. Changes in the Textile Industry -In 1793, Eli Witney, an American, invented the Cotton Gin. It could clean cotton mechanically rather than by hand. The Cotton Gin increased the supply of raw cotton and gave factories more supplies. -New buildings needed to be built by rivers to power these huge machines. (Resulted in the Factory System) - Under the factory system, workers left their houses, and went to the mills to manufacture goods.

8. 4. Changes in Factories -In the mid 1700’s, the Steam PoweredEngine replaced running water as a means of powering the machinery of the textile industry. -Due to the steam engine, factories could be built anywhere not just by rivers -Steam engines also had a huge effect on transportation -Factories needed a efficient transportation system to survive. Coal, iron and raw materials needed for the factories and finished goods needed to leave and distributing to the cities

9. 5. New Transportation • This need for a good transportation system led to the development of the Railroad System. • Trains powered by steam engines traveled across rails to supply the factories with raw materials which carried finished products to the cities. • Also, the steam engine was used to power ships. Decreased amount of time to bring goods across the Atlantic to the Americas and other port cities. • Decreased time bringing goods to market = More profits

11. 6. The Rise of Modern Industry • Food production which increased population and freed many laborers to work in the industry. • British Entrepreneurs had the capital (money) to invest in factories and machinery. • Britain had plentiful iron and coal deposits • It developed an excellent transportation system to speed the flow of goods. • Britain also had numerous colonies throughout the world to supply factories and to buy goods.

12. 7. New Methods of Production New machines and technology improve worker productivity. • Interchangeable Parts were introduced. • The Assembly Line was also introduced (complex jobs of assembling is broken down into small tasks). • Introduction of Mass Production (or turning out large quantities of identical goods).

13. 8. Rise of Big Business • Before the Industrial Revolution, most businesses were very small. • Sole Proprietor- Operated by one person. • Partnership- Businesses owned by two or more people (in a partnership people shared the profits and liabilities, equally). • Corporation- Owners allowing people to buy stock, or ownership in their company. • Monopoly- Corporations gaining almost complete control of the production and sale of a single good or service.

14. 8. The Rise of Big Business (Pg.2) The Industrial Revolution brought alternating periods of prosperity and decline. This alternating pattern is known as the Business Cycle. A sharp downturn in the economy is known as a Depression.

15. 9. New Ideas Physiocrats - A group of economists who attack the idea that government should control business. Adam Smith - Reasoned that two natural laws governed all business and economic activity. • Law of Supply and Demand, as demand increased, supply increases and prices rise. As demand decreases, supply decreases and prices fall.

16. 9. New Ideas (Pg.2) • Law of Competition, as manufacturers compete with each other to sell their products, they must reduce prices. • Only the most sufficient manufacturers will survive. Social Darwinism – Survival of the fittest, considered Classical Economics (founder Adam Smith).

17. 9. New Ideas (Pg. 3) • Adam Smith is considered the founder of Classical Economics, and also believed in a system known as Free Enterprise. • This economic system justified competition unrestricted by laws and government controls. • Laissez-Faire, or “ Leave Things Alone.”

18. 10. Socialism As a result of the Industrial Revolution, few individuals became wealthy. Most people remained poor, including the factory workers that drove the economy. The only way to distribute wealth moreevenly was to change the ways of ownership, and the operation of means of production.

19. Socialism (Pg.2) • Socialism is the process in which the government owns the means of production and operates it for the benefit of “all” the people, rich and poor. • Socialist believed that everyone, not just the owners, had the right to share in the profits.

20. 11. Utopian Socialists Early socialist believed that people could live together peacefully for a collective good. These individuals were referred to as Utopian Socialist.

21. 12. Karl Marx • Karl Marx believed that the entire Capitalistic System should be destroyed. • Marx argued about the struggle between those that have money, and those that do not have money (the wealthy, and poor). • Marx argued that wealth is created by labor, but most of the wealth goes to the owners.

22. 12. Karl Marx (Pg.2) • Marx believed that the poor (proletariat) must unite and seize power from the factory owners (capitalists) by force. • Finally, society will need to evolve into a Classless society known as Communism. -These ideas were based upon TheCommunist Manifesto, which was written by Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. -Pure Marxist believe that capitalism should be overthrown in a violent revolution.

23. 13. Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Thousands of factory workers crowded into poorly built houses. • The city’s water system was inadequate. • Buildings had little to no sanitation. Sewage was simply flung out of windows into open trenches along the streets. • Pollution from each factory made air quality poor.

24. 13. Effects of the Industrial Revolution (Pg.2) • The buildup of garbage throughout the city led to an abundance of rats and insects. • In these crowded slums, diseases spread rapidly.

25. 14. Working Conditions 1) The supply of unskilled workers was large, so wages were relatively low. 2) Due to low wages, woman and children were force to work. 3) Work hours were often 12 to 16 hours. 4) Fumes from machines and furnaces, combined with poor ventilation, made the air terrible. 5) Poor lighting and machines not equipped with safety devices led to many serious injuries, and death.

26. 15. Demands for Change -In order to protest these unsafe working conditions, workers in the same occupation, formed organizations called Labor Unions -As a united front, these unions could put pressure on employers to raise wages and improve working conditions -Using a process known as Collective Bargaining, the workers would propose a strike if the employer did not bring about any changes -From the early 1800s till the late 1800s, there were often outbreaks of violence between the union workers and strike-busters (pro-employer groups) -After the 1920s, unions and other reform groups influenced government to pass laws benefiting workers

27. 16. The Irish Potato Famine -By the 1800s, the potato, which was brought over from the Americas, became the staple crop for Ireland -In 1845, a crop disease, brought also from the Americas, started to infect the potato crop. -For three years, the potato crop was completely lost. -Due to malnutrition and then the onset of widespread disease due to unsanitary condition, almost 1 million Irish died. -Another 1 million decided to leave Ireland and emigrated to Britain and the United States trying to leave the devastation that was caused by the famine. -Due to the famine, almost 25% of the Irish population was lost, due to death or immigration