Chapter 25 The Industrial Revolution

1. Chapter 25The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

2. Objective • The student will understand the Industrial Revolution and its effects on both Europe and North America in the late 19th Century.

3. Industrial Revolution 1700-1900 • Interact with History: • You are a 15 year old living in England where the Industrial Revolution has spurred the growth of thousands of factories. Cheap labor is in great demand. Like millions of other teenagers, you do not go to school. Instead you work in a factory 6 days a week, 14 hours a day. The dangerous machines injure many of your fellow workers. Inside the factory the air is foul, and it’s so dark it is hard to see. • WHAT WOULD YOU DO TO CHANGE YOUR SITUATION? • BESIDES OBVIOUS HARM HAPPENING TO THE WORKERS, WHAT IS TAKING PLACE TO THE ENVIRONMENT?

4. The Industrial RevolutionTerms & Names • Industrial Revolution • Enclosure • Crop rotation • Industrialization • Factors of production • Factory • Entrepreneur • Urbanization • Middle class • Corporation • Laissez faire • Adam Smith • Capitalism • Utilitarianism • Socialism • Karl Marx • Communism • Union • Collective bargaining • Strike

5. The Beginnings of Industrialization • Leading into the Industrial Rev. farmers began cultivating larger fields that had been fenced in. These were known as enclosures. • Farmers began to experiment with new technology and the larger land owners forced smaller farmers out of business and into the cities looking for jobs. • Crop Rotation proved to be one of the best developments of the time, improving on the medieval three-field system. • Year 1 – Wheat (exhausted nutrients from soil) • Year 2 – Turnips (Root crop to restore nutrients) • Year 3 & 4 – Barley then Clover

6. Crop Rotation

7. The Beginnings of Industrialization • The Industrial Rev. refers to the greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England during the 18th century. • It soon spread throughout Continental Europe and North America. Growth of Nations • Hunters and Gatherers • Agriculture • Industrialization • Service Industries

8. The Beginnings of Industrialization • Why England?? • Large Population of workers • Extensive natural resources • Water – Coal – Iron Ore – Rivers – Harbors Also many people were eager to invest in new inventions and Britain's banking system provided the availabity of the loans to people who would otherwise not be able to afford it. Britain had all of the factors of production that were needed for the Industrial Rev. to take place. LAND – LABOR - CAPITAL

9. The Beginnings of Industrialization English entrepreneurs established their factories at the beginning of the nineteenth century, not in the traditional population centers such as London, but out of town, close to water power and coal fields and with easy access to markets.

10. The Beginnings of Industrialization • Many Inventions helped to revolutionize industry in England. • James Hargreaves: Spinning Wheel • Samuel Crompton: Spinning Mule • Edmund Cartwright: Power Loom • Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin (America) http://www.eliwhitney.org/cotton/patent.htm • James Watt & Matthew Boulton: More efficient Steam Engine • Robert Fulton: Steamboat (America)

11. Cyrus McCormick: Reaper (boosted American wheat production) • Samuel Morse: Telegraph • I.M. Singer: Sewing machine • Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone How have some of these inventions evolved today???

12. Industrialization and the Problems that Followed • The factory system changed the way people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems. • This process is being repeated in many less developed countries today. Know your HISTORY or you are DOOMED to repeat it!!!

13. Connect to Today • Nike has admitted that its factories are places where physical and sexual abuse, extraordinarily low wages, restrictions of bathroom use and other human rights abuses happen on a regular basis.

14. Industrialization and the Problems that Followed • Many job seekers crowded the cities. • Europe’s urban areas at least doubled in population. URBANIZATION • Living Conditions • No sanitation • No building codes • Sickness was widespread • Factories extremely dangerous • Average life span in England: • 17 years old for working class in cities • 38 years old for people who lived in rural areas

15. Industrialization and the Problems that Followed • Working Conditions • 14 hour work days • 6 days a week • Factories dirty and dark • Frequent accidents • Factory workers lived in poverty as wages were low • Middle Class emerges • Skilled workers, professionals, business people, factory owners

16. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Created jobs (no matter how bad they might have been) • Increased wealth of the nation • Fostered technological progress • Raised standard of living • Provided hope of the improvement of people’s lives • Healthier diets – better housing – cheaper massed produced clothing – expanded educational opportunities

17. Industrialization Spreads • Industrialization that began in Great Britain spreads to other parts of the world. • During the war of 1812, Britain blockaded the United States in an attempt to keep it from engaging in international trade. This blockade actually forced the young country to use it’s own resources to develop new industries. • Thousands of workers, mostly young women, flocked from their rural homes to work as mill girls in factory towns. (12 hours a day, 6 days a week) __________________________________________________ Industrialization also reaches continental Europe Belgium – Germany – Italy – France - Russia

18. Industrialization Spreads • Industrialization in America • Great deal of industrial growth in America in the Northeast by the early 1800’s • Much of the rest of the U.S. remained dependent on agriculture until the end of the Civil War in 1865. • Rapid railroad expansion helped the Industrial Rev. grow, as products could be transported for sale. • From 1840 to 1890 the U.S. railroad system grew from 2,818 miles of track to 208,152 miles, connecting the east coast with the west coast.

19. Worldwide Impact of Industrialization • Industrialization shifted the world balance of power. • Many stronger nations began exploiting overseas colonies for their resources, and then selling the finished products back to the colonist themselves. • This ushered in the Age of Imperialism. (policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands.)

20. Age of Reforms • Industrial Rev. led to economic, social, and political reforms. • “Laissez faire” economics became the popular economic policy for business owners as they did not want government interference in the economy. • Adam Smith and his book Wealth of Nations, argued that government need not interfere in the economy

21. Age of Reforms • Capitalism: system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit. • The ideas of Capitalism brought about the Industrial Revolution.

22. Age of Reforms • Rise of Socialism: • System of social organization in which property and the distribution of income are subject to social control rather than individual determination or market forces. (Contrasting philosophy to laissez-faire) Ideas lead to the creation of Communism. • Karl Marx: Introduced his 23 page pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto, that called for working men of all countries to unite. • Marx believed that the capitalist system would eventually destroy itself as the workers would rise up against factory owners in order to equalize the wealth. • Private property would cease to exist as all goods and services as well as means of production would be owned by the “people”.

23. Capitalism vs. Marxism Capitalist Ideas / Adam Smith Marxist Ideas / Karl Marx 1. Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest. 2. Businesses follow their own self interest when they compete with one another for the consumer’s money. 3. Each producer tries to provide goods and services that are better and less expensive than those of competitors. 4. Consumers compete with one another to purchase the best goods at the lowest prices. 5. Market economy aims to produce the best products and the lowest prices. 6. Government should not interfere 1. All great movements in history are the result of an economic class struggle. 2. The “haves” take advantage of the “have-nots.” 3. The Industrial Revolution intensified the class struggle. 4. Workers are exploited by employers. 5. The labor of workers creates profit for employers. 6. The capitalist system will eventually destroy itself. The state will wither away as a classless society develops.

24. Capitalism vs. Marxism • United States becomes the world power promoting Capitalism • The Soviet Union becomes the world power promoting Communism

25. Unionization & Legislative Reform Union Movement • Due to the dangerous and dirty working conditions, workers began to form associations know as unions. • Unions engaged in collective bargaining or negotiations between workers and their employers. • If factory owners refused workers demands, workers could strike or refuse to work. • Legislation was also passed regulating child labor and work hours.

26. Unionization & Legislative Reform • Hourly regulations in Great Britain: (1833) • Ages 9-12 no more than 8 hours a day. • Ages 13-17 no more than 12 hours a day.

27. Reform Spreads • Horace Mann: Favored free public education for all children. “If we don’t prepare children to become good citizens…if we don’t enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down to destruction.” • Mann understood that if children toiled in the factories throughout their childhood, for 8-12 hrs a day, they would not be prepared to do anything but that for the rest of their lives….

28. Discussion Questions / Activities • What effects did entrepreneurs have upon the Industrial Revolution? • How did Industrialization contribute to city growth? • Using a bubble map show the effects of industrialization on the world. • Using a double bubble map compare and contrast Capitalism with Marxism.