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SOME SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES: A REVIEW BY

SOME SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES: A REVIEW BY A.O.B. Oyefolu, H.K. SHITTU, A.A. ANJORIN, K.O. AKINYEMI and S.A. OMILABU. OUTLINE. BACKGROUND BRIEF LOOK AT MEDICINAL PLANTS CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

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SOME SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES: A REVIEW BY

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  1. SOME SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES: A REVIEW BY A.O.B. Oyefolu, H.K. SHITTU, A.A. ANJORIN, K.O. AKINYEMI and S.A. OMILABU

  2. OUTLINE • BACKGROUND • BRIEF LOOK AT MEDICINAL PLANTS • CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS • SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THR TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES • BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON VIRUSES • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES • EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS ON VIRUSES • CONCLUSION

  3. BACKGROUND • Advent of antibiotics in 1928 by Alexander Fleming brought about a lot of relief against infectious diseases. • Post 1928, several other antimicrobials re-emerged, were used and subsequently abused. • Over decades, antimicrobials generally became ineffective due to resistance and mutation by the viral organisms. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Fleming (Accessed on 11th October, 2017).

  4. BACKGROUND CONTD Due to the effect of microbial resistance to virtually all antimicrobial drugs, this provoked interest of researchers to ethno-medicine. Similarly, antiviral drugs generally have side effects and are closely monitored when necessary for use e.g AZT. Africa, just like China, is one of the blessed continents with medicinal plants which has been in use since the days of our forefathers.

  5. A BRIEF LOOK AT MEDICINAL PLANTS • Definition: Medicinal plants are plants that contain biologically active compounds in one or more of its organs that can act as a precursor for chemo-pharmaceutical semi-synthesis and also used for therapeutic purposes. • Benefits of medicinal plants: • More affordable than conventional medicine. • Easier to obtain than prescription medications. • Have beneficial healing properties. Available at: http://microsep.org/?page_id=160 (Accessed on 11th, October, 2017).

  6. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS • Medicinal plants can be classified into three categories depending on the criteria used which are: • a) Active constituents: Examples are aromatic herbs, astringent herbs, bitter herbs, nutritive herbs, mucilaginous herbs. • b) Usage: Examples include: medicinal herbs, Culinary herbs, Aromatic herbs, Ornamental herbs. • c) Period of life: Plants can be grouped into Annual herbs, Prennial herbs, Biennial herbs.

  7. SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS IN USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES 1 Botanical name: Echinaceapurpurea Family: Compositae Local name: Ewe angeli (Yoruba) Common name: Purple cone flower (English) Active ingredient: h-hexane Mode of action: displays antiviral activity against herpes virus in-vitro as reported by Binns et al., (2002). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea (Accessed on 8th October, 2017).

  8. SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS IN USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES CONTD 2 Botanical name: Anemarrhenaasphodeloides Family: Asparagaceae Common name: Anemarrhena rhizome (English) Active ingredient: Timosaponin A Mode of action: Exhibits antiviral activity against A2 strains of Respiratory syncytial virus Available at: http://www.bamboopharmacy.com/our-herbs/anemarrhena-asphodeloides.html. (Accessed on11th October, 2017).

  9. SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS IN USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES CONTD 3 Botanical name: Acacianilotica Family: Mimosaceae Local name: Baani/Booni (Yoruba) Common name: Acacia/Egyptian mimosa (English) Active ingredient: Tannin, saponin, alkaloids Mode of action: The methanolic and acetonic extracts posses anti-HCV activity on the cells of the liver. Available at: https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/vachellia_nilotica.htm (Accessed on 8th of October, 2017)

  10. SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS IN USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES CONTD 4 Botanical name: Adenopusbreviflorus Family: Cucurbitaceae Local name: Tagiri (Yoruba), Ogbenwa (Igbo) Common name: Wild colocynth (English) Mode of action: Possess antiviral activity against measles virus. Oyefolu et al., (1999) Unpublished. Available at: http://www.afriquebio.com/album/images-de-plantes-medicinales/yeblikpin.html (Accessed on 10th October, 2017)

  11. SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS IN USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES CONTD 5 Botanical name: Ageratumconyzoides Family: Cucurbitaceae Local name: Imi-Esu (Yoruba) Common name: Goat weed (English) Active ingredient: Saponin, Tannins and Alkaloids. Mode of action: Prevents the adsorption of measles virus Oyefolu et al., (1999) Unpublished. Available at: https://yoruherbs.blogspot.com.ng/2016/ (Accessed on: 13th October, 2017)

  12. SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS IN USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES CONTD 6 Botanical name: Sidaacuta Family: Malvaceae Common name: Sida leaf/broomweed (English) Local name: Isepotu (Yoruba) , Udo (Igbo) Active ingredient: Alkaloids,Ecdysterone, Ephidrine Mode of action: Exhibits antiviral effect against measles virus Available at: https://www.google.com.ng/search?dcr=0&biw=980&bih=624&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=SIDA+acuta&oq=SIDA+acuta&gs_l=psy-ab.3...3969.5001.0.6313.7.7.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..7.0.0....0.5IlXZBSsJfM#imgrc=HFFYzMK958Fg4M (Accessed on: 11th October, 2017)

  13. TABLE 1: SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS, THEIR ACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND MODE OF ACTION Hexane extract of leaves Inhibits reverse transcriptase Apetalic acid HIV Geranium sanguineum Expression of viral protein Polyphenols Methanolic extract Influenza Hisbiscussabdafiffa Leave,ethanol extract n/a Measles n/a Selaginellasinensis Amentoflavone Ethanol extracts n/a RSV Etyl acetate extracts of leaves Inhibits virus replication Meliaazedarach Meliacarpin Cape liliac/ Herpes Scutellaria baicalensis Isoscutellarein-8- methylether Influenza Inhibits virus entry Root

  14. What are Viruses? Obligate sub-microscopic intracellular entity that posses a single type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA but, never both) that is capable of replicating /proliferating/reproducing in a susceptible living host cell. Made up of: a) Nucleic acid b) Lipid membrane c) Protein coat Available at: https://www.google.com.ng/search?dcr=0&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=structure+of+naked+virus&oq=structure+of+naked+virus&gs_l=psy-ab.3...1987192.2006879.0.2007504.40.31.0.0.0.0.1854.3486.0j1j5j1j8-1.8.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..32.2.2061...0.0.Melso-eFpmk#imgrc=gh24v6ge7It_NM: (Accessed on: 12th October, 2017)

  15. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES • Smallest infectious agent so far known • They are acellular • Contain only one type of nucleic acid and can replicate • Crystallisable and can remain inert for several years • They do not grow on ordinary or synthetic media • They cannot be gram stained with common laboratory stains • They are obligate on their host for energy and and replication • They are metabolically inactive outside their host

  16. EFFECTS OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS ON VIRUSES • Heat: Most viruses are inactivated at 50oC for 30minutes or at 100oC for few seconds • Cold: Most viruses can be stored at 4oC or prefarably -70oC • UV-Radiation: This inactivates all viruses • Chloroform and Ether: This affects viruses with lipid containing envelopes • Oxidizing /Reducing agents: All viruses are inactivated by formaldehyde, chlorine, iodine and hydrogen peroxide. • Virus disinfectants: The best viral disinfectants are gluthraldehyde and hypochlorite solutions

  17. WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR ETHNO-MEDICINE?

  18. CONCLUSION The reliability of medicinal plants against viral diseases remain a good area to be explored. However, further research work needs to be done on medicinal plants especially the untapped ones in Nigeria with a view to making them serve as a good therapeutic agent better than the allopathic form of medicine for the prevention and control of acute and chronic viral infections in this 21st century.

  19. REFERENCE • Alche, L.E.; Ferek, G.A.; Meo, M.; Coto, C.E. and Maier, M.S. (2003): An antiviral melia carpin from leaves of Meliaazedarach L.J. Nat. Res. Part C: Biochem. Biol.Biophys. Virol., 58:215-219. • Binns, S.E.; Hudson, J.; Merali, S. and Arnason, J.T. (2002): Antiviral activity of characterised extracts from Echinacea spp. (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) Planta Med., 68:780-783. • Cesar, G.Z.; Alfonso,M.G.; Marius, M.M.; Elizabeth, E.M. and Angel, C.B. (2011): Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, toxicological and chemical profile of Calophyllumbrasiliense extracts from Chiapas, Mexico. Fitoterapia, 82: 1027-1034. • Ma, S.C.; But, P.P.; Ooi, V.E.; He, Y.H.; Lee, S.H.; Lee, S.F. and Lin, R.C. (2001): Antiviral amentoflavone from Selaginellasinensis. Biol Pharm Bull., 24: 311-312. • Nagai, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Tomimori, T. and Yamanda, H. (1995): Antiviral activity of plant flavonoid, 5,7,4-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone from the roots of Scutellariabaicalensis against Influenza A (H3N2) and B viruses. Biol.Pharm.Bull., 18:295-299.

  20. REFERENCE CONTD • Recha-Martins, L.R.; Brenzan, M.A.; Nakamura, C.V.; Dias-Filho, B.P.; Nakamura, T.U.; Ranieri-Cortez, L.E. and Garcia-Cortez, D.A. (2011): In-vitro antiviral activity from Acanthospermumaustrale on Herpes virus and Polio virus. Pharm. Biol., 49: 29-31. • Serkedjieva, J. (1996). A polyphenolic extract from Geraniumsanguineum L. inhibits Influenza virus protein expression. PhytotherapyRes., 10:441-443. • Sokmen, M.; Angelova, M.; Krumova, E.; Pashova, S.; Ivancheva, S.; Sokeman, A. and Serkedjieva, A. (2005): In-vitro antioxidant activity of polyphenol extracts with antiviral properties from GeraniumsanguineumL. Life.Sci., 76: 2981-2993. • Sunday, O.A.; Munir, A.B.; Akeeb, O.O.; Bolanle, A.A. and Badaru, S.O. (2010): Antiviral effect of Hisbiscussabdariffa and Celosiaargentia on measles virus. Afr.J.Microbiol.Res., 4:293-296. • Sydiskia, R.J.; Owen, D.G.; Lohr, J.L.; Rosler, K.H.A. and Bloomster, R.N. (1991): Inactivation of enveloped viruses by Anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 35:2463-2466.

  21. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

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