Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution

2. The industrial Revolution started in England around 1780. • New inventions were being created. • England was becoming industrialized. • These inventions were kept a secret! • It created wealth for England. • Anyone who had worked in a factory was not allowed to leave the country. • These machines could not leave the country!

3. Meanwhile, Americans offered $ to anyone who could build a cotton-spinning machine in the USA. • This lead to industrial espionage…spying!

4. Samuel Slater, who had worked in a factory in England, knew how to build as well as operate textile machines. • Slater emigrated secretly to America in 1789 in hopes of making his fortune in America's infant textile industry. • Slater, with funding from investors and assistance from skilled local artisans, built the first successful water powered textile mill in Pawtucket in 1793.

5. Thanks to S. Slater, Industrial Revolution had arrived in the USA! • Samuel Slater's first employees were all children from seven to twelve years of age. By 1830, 55% of the mill workers in Rhode Island were children. • Many of these children worked long hours in unhealthy factories for wages less than $1 per week.

6. People were being replaced by machines for the first time in history; especially in the textile industry. Factory owners needed cheap and unskilled labour. Machines cut the cost of labour, sped up production time.

7. Factory workers felt threatened by these machines and would protest in the streets. • The word SABOTAGE originates from angry workers throwing their sabots into machinery. • Factory owners exploited women and children.

8. Most factory workers were uneducated and illiterate. • Since school was not compulsory, children were forced to work in factories to help pay for family expenses. • Children worked long hours and earned a low salary. • No job security or benefits (dental and medical, paid vacation etc.) • Children were exposed to dangerous working conditions.

9. Some kids got sick and died from toxic fumes. • Some were badly injured or killed because they often operated dangerous machines.

10. Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin: • Eli Whitney invented the cotton engine (the Cotton Gin) in 1793. • This invention encouraged low wages and slavery. • His invention strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in South. • He lost his profits and nearly filed bankruptcy because of patent infringements. • The Cotton Gin was a machine for getting seeds out of cotton.

11. Factory owners used slaves to operate machines and increase production of goods. • More production meant more money. • Whitney invented a musket that could be manufactured with interchangeable parts. • The War Department issued contracts for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets. Whitney, who had never made a gun in his life, obtained a contract in January, 1798.

12. Muskets were inexpensive and could be assembled quickly and easily. • This was an important factor to the War Department because it needed lots of muskets to win the war. • Some muskets malfunctioned because the quality was inferior to those which had been hand-made.

13. Robert Fulton and the Steam Engine: • Mr. Fulton was a famous inventor and engineer. • First American to build a steam-powered engine (1780s). • All steamboats in the USA operated on this technology. • Fulton also built a paddle steamboat, the Clermont, which traveled from New York to Albany on the Hudson River. • The steam engine was greatly used by the transportation industry. Rudolph Diesel: • He was the inventor of the diesel engine. • He was born in Paris, France in 1858.

14. Francis C. Lowell and the American Textile Industry: • He was a textile manufacturer in the early 1800s. • He opened a mill that went through the entire process of manufacturing cotton. • He traveled to England, visited a cloth factory and then returned back to the USA. • He then built the Lowell Mills using what he had learned in England. • His mills were used for spinning and weaving.

15. Population in England During the Industrial Revolution: • By 1900, the population in England had skyrocketed by a factor of 6 since the 1750s. • Why? 1st REASON: • There were improvements in medicine with the introduction of innoculation against killer diseases like small pox.

16. 2nd REASON: • There were improvements in hygiene. The Cholera epidemic killed thousands across England in the 1850s because people drank from water contaminated by sewers. • Water had a strong green tea smell and was murky. • People did not take baths often and shared the same water.

17. 3rd REASON: • Improvements in agriculture and transportation made food cheaper to buy and more readily available. 4th REASON: • Average age of marriage dropped from 27 to 20. • This meant parents started having children at an earlier age so that their children could work in factories and bring home money.

18. The Coal Industry During the Industrial Revolution: • The demand for coal increased during the Industrial Revolution. Why? • Shortage of wood meant people had to find another material to burn in furnices. • People started using coal to heat up homes and buildings etc. • Industries were using coal to power machines in order to process and make goods. • The increased demand for coal meant miners had to dig deeper and travel farther underground to reach more coal.

19. The four (4) main problems and dangers of mining coal

20. Problem 1: How do you get the coal out without causing the roof of the mine to collapse? • Wooden posts were replaced by iron-steel posts. • Steel is stronger and does not crack or break easily.

21. Problem 2: How do you avoid flooding in the mines? • Some mine shafts would fill up with water quickly. • The steam pipe- steam engine was used to pump water out.

22. Problem 3: How do you avoid BAD AIR in the mines? Miners were at risk from 2 gases: A) Fire Damp would explore on contact with a flame • Safety lamps replaced candles because they let off less heat. • Ventilation shafts were dug to let fresh air into shafts.

23. B) Choke Damp, would suffocate the miners Canaries were sent into mines. Choke gas was present if canary died. Canaries were eventually replaced by exhaust fans which sucked the bad air out. of mine shafts

24. Problem 4: How do you get coal out of mines? • Coal is heavy to carry along the tunnel and then out of it. • Carts, pulled by pit ponies, were pushed along the tunnel on iron rails.

25. Impact of the Railways during the Industrial revolution: • People traveled greater distances for leisure and work. • Speed of the railways became the fastest mode of transportation. • Trains were used to transport food to towns across England and America.

26. Coal and iron industries grew as the railways needed coal for fuel and iron to make trains and tracks. • Factories were able to transport merchandise to the market faster. • People had permanent jobs working on the railways once built.

27. Newspapers could be sent from London all over the country; the mail was speed up. • The railways made cheap day trips to seaside resorts possible. In a nutshell… • The spread of railways created jobs, helped spread information faster, and created new towns.

28. How the railways created more jobs: • Railways made the cost of moving goods cheaper. • Goods can be sold for less. • More people can now afford to buy these goods. • More goods are sold and so more need to be produced. • The businessmen who make these goods hire more people to make them. • More people with jobs means…more people can now afford to buy these goods.

29. How industrialization changed society: Urbanization: • Many rural people left the countryside and moved to the city to find work in the factories (Rural exodus)

30. Working Class Districts: • These polluted districts were close to the factories. • Districts were poorly planned and built hastily (poor quality). • Houses were small and crammed together. • They were also badly heated, badly ventilated and humid. • Families lived together because of high rent. • Epidemics (Cholera) spread quickly.

31. Bourgeois Districts: • These districts were far from the factories. • They were spacious with plenty of green space. • Houses were large. • Servants were hired to serve the Bourgeoisie.

32. Social classes Industrial Bourgeoisie: • Entrepreneurs, factory owners, bankers, merchants Petty bourgeoisie: • Lawyers, civil servants, journalists, doctors, engineers, skilled workers Working class: • Factory workers

33. The industrial Bourgeoisie: • They lived comfortably and did not do manual work. • They valued education, hard work and frugality. • They benefited from the economic growth in the 19th century.

34. Capitalism (Economic system) Entrepreneurs did not usually have enough money to buy everything they needed to run their business. As a result, they began to finance their business in the following way: 1. Burrowed money from the bank or asked for credit (money was eventually paid back with interest).

35. The working class: • Work conditions were really tough. • Performed boring, repetitive tasks for 14 to 16 hours a day. • Workers were supervised by tough foremen. • Owners fired unskilled workers if they were ill, got into an accident or were too old.

36. Miserable working conditions: • These conditions had negative consequences on the workers: Alcoholism, marital violence, prostitution, the abandonment of children. • Life expentency was 30 year or less (due to high infant death rate). • Lots of families depended on charities.

37. Trade unions: • Workers in Great Britain began to organize so that they could demand for better working conditions. • It involved going on strike and demanding for: • 1. Higher wages • 2. Reduced working hours • 3. Right to strike

38. Trade Union: It is an organisation of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. Leaders of the trade union bargain with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders is binding on members and the employer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union

39. Strike: Strike action, also called labour strike, on strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labour became important in factories and mines. In most countries, they were quickly made illegal, as factory owners had far more political power than workers. Most western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action

40. The government banned strikes because they were considered an attack on entrepreneurs to make a profit. • Some protests ended in a bloodbath.

41. Labour laws: • The trade unions ended up persuading the British government to pass laws that improved the life of the working class • Labour laws passed in Great Britain in the 19th century: • SEE page 127