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ENVIRONMETAL POLLUTION MONITORING

ENVIRONMETAL POLLUTION MONITORING. Prepared by Sudrajat Sudrajat.fmipa@gmail.com Faculty of Science Mulawarman University Samarinda 2009. 1.Monitoring.

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ENVIRONMETAL POLLUTION MONITORING

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  1. ENVIRONMETAL POLLUTION MONITORING Prepared by Sudrajat Sudrajat.fmipa@gmail.com Faculty of Science Mulawarman University Samarinda 2009

  2. 1.Monitoring • Monitoring must take into consideration the type or types of contaminants present (biological and chemical), their availability and the possibility of biomagnification and bioaccumulation. • The environmental monitoring must be able to detect with accuracy and consistency pollutants present at very low levels.

  3. Monitoring • A range of chemical analyses is used to determine the concentrations and type of pollutants- HPLC, GC, NMR, MS ,IR etc.. • This does not determine the real effect on the environment as the effects can be modified by availability, degradation, and transport of the pollutants. An alternative is to use a biological system to measure the pollutant…..

  4. 2.Biomarkers, Test organisms and Bioindicators, • The effects of pollutants on whole organisms representative of the environment, known as bioindicators. • The effects of pollutants on physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of organisms in the environment, known as biomarkers. • The effect of the pollutant on test organisms in the laboratory.

  5. Bioindicators and biomarkers have the advantage that they measure the action of the pollutants in the real and complex environment where there may be many and complex interactions at sublethal levels.

  6. 2.BIOMARKERS • Biomarkers can be defined as quantitative measures of changes in the biological system in response to pollutant exposure. • Biomarkers can be placed into three groups; biochemical, immunochemical, and genetic.

  7. 2.1.Biochemical biomarkers • Based on the ability of the pollutant to generate a response at the gene level, inducing or increasing specific enzymes involved with detoxification of contaminants. • The detoxification of xenobiotics often involves one of three detoxification strategies: - cytochrome P450, - conjugation with glutathione and -chelation by proteins (Metallothioneines).

  8. *EROD, ethoxyresorufin-o-dethylase. ^AHH, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. *GSH, glutathione.polyaromatic hydrocarbon.

  9. 2.2.Immunochemical biomarkers • The specific reaction between antigens and antibodies can be used to determine the presence of xenobiotics in environmental samples. • Antibodies against PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), PCDDs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins), and PCDFs (polychlorinated dibenzofurans) have been developed and used in an ELISA system to determine PCBs in samples (Hahn, 2002).

  10. 2.3.Genetic biomarkers Ames test • The Ames test was developed to test substances for their ability to produce mutations in bacteria. The test consists of the treatment of a Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotroph (His-). The test compound is added to the Salmonella typhimurium His- in an extract of rat liver. • If the compound is a mutagen then mutations will cause revertants- colonies will form on a medium lacking histidine. The number of colonies will give a measure of the mutagenic potential.

  11. 2.4.Molecular biology biomarkers • Another development using genetic manipulation of biological material for the estimation of toxicity has been the generation of a transgenic strain of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . • The lacZ gene from E. coli is fused to the hsp16 gene. • When the nematode is stressed the enzyme is induced in the worm. The enzyme can be detected by the addition of a substrate such as o-nitrophenyl-p-galactopyranoside (ONPG), which will produce a blue colour when cleaved by the enzyme.

  12. 2.5.Fish and Endocrine Disruptors/ Modulators • Fish are good indicators for the aquatic environment • Fish health and fish populations • Commercially and recreationally-important species • Ecologically important species • Indicators of effects on aquatic ecosystem and ultimately human health

  13. 2.5.1.Endocrine Modulators • Synthetic or naturally-occurring chemicals that modify or disrupt normal hormonal functions • Alterations in synthesis and metabolism • Improper balance or quantity of circulating hormones • Directly or indirectly interact with natural hormones • Change hormone message and alter cell activity • Induce creation of extra receptor sites • Amplify the hormone effect on cell activity • Block binding sites • Impair normal cell activity • Bind to receptors (hormone mimics) • Abnormal, unpredictable cell activity

  14. 2.5.2.Endocrine Disruption • Reproductive • Thyroid • Adrenal (Interrenal, chromaffin) • Neuroendocrine • Immune system/disease resistance • Cortisol • Estrogens/androgens

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