Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations

1. Chapter 12 Section 4Mutations Biology

2. Objectives • ___________gene mutations and chromosomal mutations Contrast

3. Kinds of Mutations Mutations • ________________are changes in the genetic material. • Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations. • Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as ________________mutations. chromosomal

4. Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions. • ______________usually affect no more than a single amino acid. Substitutions

5. The effects of insertions or deletions are more______________. • The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons. • Changes like these are called_____________________ dramatic frameshift mutations.

6. insertion • In an______________, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence.

7. In a____________, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted. deletion

8. Chromosomal Mutations • Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the _________________or structure of chromosomes. • Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. number

9. Significance of Mutations • Many mutations have ___________________effect on gene expression. • Some mutations are the cause of_________________________ little or no genetic disorders.